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There is increasing evidence from in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies that stem\/progenitor cells may have multiple beneficial effects on outcome after hypoxic\u2013ischemic injury. Stem\/progenitor cells have shown great promise in animal studies in decreasing neurological impairment; however, the mechanisms of action of stem cells, and the optimal type, dose, and method of administration remain surprisingly unclear, and some studies have found no benefit. Although cell\u2010based interventions after completion of the majority of secondary cell death appear to have potential to improve functional outcome for neonates after HI, further rigorous testing in translational animal models is required before randomized controlled trials should be considered. 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