{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:39:06Z","timestamp":1789605546958,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]],"date-time":"2013-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long\u2010term data on recurrent vascular events after young stroke are limited. Our objective was to examine the long\u2010term risk of recurrent vascular events after young stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We prospectively included 724 consecutive patients with a first\u2010ever transient ischemic attack (TIA), ischemic stroke, or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), aged 18 to 50 years, admitted to our hospital between January 1, 1980 and November 1, 2010. Outcomes were (1) stroke; (2) myocardial infarction or cardiac or peripheral arterial revascularization procedures; or (3) composite event of these, whichever occurred first.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After a mean follow\u2010up of 9.1 years (standard deviation = 8.2, range = 0\u201331.0), 142 patients (19.6%) had at least 1 recurrent vascular event. Cumulative 20\u2010year risk of stroke was 17.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.5\u201325.1) after TIA, 19.4% (95% [CI] = 14.6\u201324.3) after ischemic stroke, and 9.8% (95% CI = 1.0\u201318.7) after ICH. Cumulative 20\u2010year risk of any vascular event was 27.7% (95% CI = 18.5\u201337.0) after TIA and 32.8% (95% CI = 26.7\u201338.9) after ischemic stroke. Age and male sex were associated with other arterial events, but not with stroke. Among TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) subtypes, adjusted for age, sex, and decennium of inclusion, atherothrombotic stroke, cardioembolic stroke, and lacunar stroke were associated with recurrent stroke (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.34\u20135.52; HR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.23\u20135.07; and HR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.45\u20135.88, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with young stroke remain at substantial risk of recurrent vascular events for decades, suggesting that the underlying disease that caused stroke at a young age continues to put these patients at a high risk for vascular disease throughout their lives. Ann Neurol 2013;74:592\u2013601<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,17]],"date-time":"2013-06-17T12:15:11Z","timestamp":1371471311000},"page":"592-601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Long\u2010term risk of recurrent vascular events after young stroke: The FUTURE study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Loes C. A.","family":"Rutten\u2010Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center Nijmegen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noortje A. 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Enschede"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen J.","family":"van der Vlugt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewoud J.","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center Nijmegen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank\u2010Erik","family":"de Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center 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