{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T02:59:39Z","timestamp":1787453979904,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]],"date-time":"2014-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is one of the most common severe hereditary diseases of infancy and early childhood in North America, Europe, and Asia. SMA is usually caused by deletions of the survival motor neuron 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>SMN1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) gene. A closely related gene,\n                      <jats:italic>SMN2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , modifies the disease severity. SMA carriers have only 1 copy of\n                      <jats:italic>SMN1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and are relatively common (1 in 30\u201350) in populations of European and Asian descent.\n                      <jats:italic>SMN<\/jats:italic>\n                      copy numbers and SMA carrier frequencies have not been reliably estimated in Malians and other sub\u2010Saharan Africans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to determine\n                      <jats:italic>SMN1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>SMN2<\/jats:italic>\n                      copy numbers in 628 Malians, 120 Nigerians, and 120 Kenyans. We also explored possible mechanisms for\n                      <jats:italic>SMN1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>SMN2<\/jats:italic>\n                      copy number differences in Malians, and investigated their effects on SMN mRNA and protein levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The SMA carrier frequency in Malians is 1 in 209, lower than in Eurasians. Malians and other sub\u2010Saharan Africans are more likely to have \u22653 copies of\n                      <jats:italic>SMN1<\/jats:italic>\n                      than Eurasians, and more likely to lack\n                      <jats:italic>SMN2<\/jats:italic>\n                      than Europeans. There was no evidence of gene conversion, gene locus duplication, or natural selection from malaria resistance to account for the higher\n                      <jats:italic>SMN1<\/jats:italic>\n                      copy numbers in Malians. High\n                      <jats:italic>SMN1<\/jats:italic>\n                      copy numbers were not associated with increased SMN mRNA or protein levels in human cell lines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SMA carrier frequencies are much lower in sub\u2010Saharan Africans than in Eurasians. This finding is important to consider in SMA genetic counseling in individuals with black African ancestry. Ann Neurol 2014;75:525\u2013532<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,6]],"date-time":"2014-02-06T05:05:19Z","timestamp":1391663119000},"page":"525-532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Genetics of low spinal muscular atrophy carrier frequency in sub\u2010Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Modibo","family":"Sangar\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke NIH Bethesda MD"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences George Washington University Washington DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brant","family":"Hendrickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Genetics Laboratory Corporation of America Westborough MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hammadoun 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