{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:03:54Z","timestamp":1792782234864,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]],"date-time":"2016-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Euan MacDonald Center for Motor Neurone Disease Research","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pb3n413","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The SMA Trust","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038zhf168","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Muscular Dystrophy UK","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zcamj98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000406","name":"Motor Neurone Disease Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000406","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Center","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0525ajp52","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001279","name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital Charity","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001279","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a major inherited cause of infant death worldwide. It results from mutations in a single, ubiquitously expressed gene (\n                      <jats:italic>SMN1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), with loss of lower motor neurons being the primary pathological signature. Systemic defects have also been reported in SMA patients and animal models. We investigated whether defects associated with the vasculature contribute to motor neuron pathology in SMA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Development and integrity of the capillary bed was examined in skeletal muscle and spinal cord of SMA mice, and muscle biopsies from SMA patients and controls, using quantitative morphometric approaches on immunohistochemically labeled tissue. Pimonidazole hydrochloride\u2013based assays were used to identify functional hypoxia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The capillary bed in muscle and spinal cord was normal in presymptomatic SMA mice (postnatal day 1), but failed to match subsequent postnatal development in control littermates. At mid\u2010 and late\u2010symptomatic time points, the extent of the vascular architecture observed in two distinct mouse models of SMA was \u223c50% of that observed in control animals. Skeletal muscle biopsies from human patients confirmed the presence of developmentally similar, significant vascular depletion in severe SMA. Hypovascularity in SMA mouse spinal cord was accompanied by significant functional hypoxia and defects in the blood\u2013spinal cord barrier.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results indicate that vascular defects are a major feature of severe forms of SMA, present in both mouse models and patients, resulting in functional hypoxia of motor neurons. Thus, abnormal vascular development and resulting hypoxia may contribute to the pathogenesis of SMA. Ann Neurol 2016;79:217\u2013230<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T21:52:41Z","timestamp":1445982761000},"page":"217-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Vascular\n                    <scp>D<\/scp>\n                    efects and\n                    <scp>S<\/scp>\n                    pinal\n                    <scp>C<\/scp>\n                    ord\n                    <scp>H<\/scp>\n                    ypoxia in\n                    <scp>S<\/scp>\n                    pinal\n                    <scp>M<\/scp>\n                    uscular\n                    <scp>A<\/scp>\n                    trophy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Eilidh","family":"Somers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Physiology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom"},{"name":"Euan MacDonald Center for 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