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Eight participants with chronic aphasia received intensive speech therapy for 3 weeks, with standardized naming tests and brain magnetic resonance imaging before and after therapy. Kurtosis\u2010based diffusion tensor tractography was used to measure mean kurtosis (MK) along a segment of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). Therapy\u2010related reduction in the number of semantic but not phonemic errors was associated with strengthening (renormalization) of ILF MK (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.90, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 corrected), suggesting that speech recovery is related to structural plasticity of language\u2010specific components of the residual language network. 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