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All patients underwent detailed neurological and electrophysiological examinations. Three Tesla MRN with large anatomical coverage of both legs and the lumbosacral plexus was performed by using 2\u2010dimensional (2D) fat\u2010saturated, T2\u2010weighted (T2w) and dual echo turbo spin echo sequences as well as a 3D T2\u2010weighted, fat\u2010saturated SPACE sequence. Besides qualitative visual nerve assessment, a T2w signal quantification was performed by calculation of proton spin density and T2 relaxation time. Nerve diameter was measured as a morphometric criterion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>T2w hyperintense nerve lesions were detectable in all MS patients, with a mean lesion number at thigh level of 151.5\u2009\u00b1\u20095.7 versus 19.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4 in controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Nerve proton spin density was higher in MS (tibial\/peroneal: 371.8\u2009\u00b1\u20097.7\/368.9\u2009\u00b1\u20098.2) versus controls (tibial\/peroneal: 266.0\u2009\u00b1\u200911.0\/276.8\u2009\u00b1\u20099.7, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). In contrast, T2 relaxation time was significantly higher in controls (tibial\/peroneal: 82.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.1\/78.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7) versus MS (tibial\/peroneal: 64.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\/61.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Proximal tibial and peroneal nerve caliber was higher in MS (tibial: 52.4\u2009\u00b1\u20092.1mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, peroneal: 25.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.3mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) versus controls (tibial: 45.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0015; peroneal: 21.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0049).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peripheral nerve lesions could be visualized and quantified in MS in vivo by high\u2010resolution MRN. Lesions are defined by an increase of proton spin density and a decrease of T2 relaxation time, indicating changes in the microstructural organization of the extracellular matrix in peripheral nerve tissue in MS. By showing involvement of the peripheral nervous system in MS, this proof\u2010of\u2010concept study may offer new insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of MS. Ann Neurol 2017;82:676\u2013685<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T23:46:39Z","timestamp":1507679199000},"page":"676-685","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Peripheral nerve involvement in multiple sclerosis: Demonstration by magnetic resonance neurography"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Johann M. 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