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The impact of similar lesions sustained in infancy has not been established.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared language outcomes in term\u2010born individuals with confirmed neonatal stroke (n\u2009=\u200930, age\u2009=\u20097\u201318 years, left\u2010sided lesions in 21 cases) to matched controls (n\u2009=\u200940). Injury to the dorsal and\/or ventral language streams was assessed using T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010 and T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tractography. Language lateralization was determined using functional MRI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At the group level, left dorsal language stream injury was associated with selective speech repetition impairment for nonwords (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021) and sentences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The majority of children with significant repetition impairment had retained left hemisphere language representation, but right hemisphere dominance was correlated with minimal or absent repetition deficits. Post hoc analysis of the repetition\u2010impaired group revealed additional language\u2010associated deficits, but these were more subtle and variable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that (1) despite the considerable plasticity of the infant brain, early dorsal language stream injury can result in specific and long\u2010lasting problems with speech repetition that are similar to the syndrome of conduction aphasia seen in adults; and (2) language reorganization to the contralateral hemisphere has a protective effect. Ann Neurol 2018;83:664\u2013675 Ann Neurol 2018;83:664\u2013675<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,24]],"date-time":"2018-03-24T02:18:06Z","timestamp":1521857886000},"page":"664-675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Developmental conduction aphasia after neonatal stroke"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Gemma B.","family":"Northam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Developmental Neurosciences Programme University College London"},{"name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service Foundation Trust London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Developmental Neurosciences Programme University College London"},{"name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service Foundation Trust London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathrin C. 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