{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:56:06Z","timestamp":1793058966196,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556582400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":364,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]],"date-time":"2018-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01NS086659\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01NS086659\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01NS093334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01NS093334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS078337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS078337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56NS078337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56NS078337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F32NS096803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32NS096803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH\u201013\u20102\u20100064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH\u201013\u20102\u20100064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005636","name":"National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001267","name":"NFL","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 AG046377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 AG046377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the effect of age of first exposure to tackle football on chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) pathological severity and age of neurobehavioral symptom onset in tackle football players with neuropathologically confirmed CTE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample included 246 tackle football players who donated their brains for neuropathological examination. Two hundred eleven were diagnosed with CTE (126 of 211 were without comorbid neurodegenerative diseases), and 35 were without CTE. Informant interviews ascertained age of first exposure and age of cognitive and behavioral\/mood symptom onset.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyses accounted for decade and duration of play. Age of exposure was not associated with CTE pathological severity, or Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body pathology. In the 211 participants with CTE, every 1 year younger participants began to play tackle football predicted earlier reported cognitive symptom onset by 2.44 years (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and behavioral\/mood symptoms by 2.50 years (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Age of exposure before 12 predicted earlier cognitive (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and behavioral\/mood (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) symptom onset by 13.39 and 13.28 years, respectively. In participants with dementia, younger age of exposure corresponded to earlier functional impairment onset. Similar effects were observed in the 126 CTE\u2010only participants. Effect sizes were comparable in participants without CTE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this sample of deceased tackle football players, younger age of exposure to tackle football was not associated with CTE pathological severity, but predicted earlier neurobehavioral symptom onset. Youth exposure to tackle football may reduce resiliency to late\u2010life neuropathology. These findings may not generalize to the broader tackle football population, and informant\u2010report may have affected the accuracy of the estimated effects. Ann Neurol 2018;83:886\u2013901<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]],"date-time":"2018-04-30T22:33:51Z","timestamp":1525127631000},"page":"886-901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Age of first exposure to tackle football and chronic traumatic encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Alosco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yorghos","family":"Tripodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Boston University School of Public Health Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick T.","family":"Kiernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine Midwestern University Glendale AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bobak","family":"Abdolmohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil W.","family":"Kowall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thor D.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs Boston MA"},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Bedford MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertrand Russell","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee E.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry, Ophthalmology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Departments of Biomedical, Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering Boston University College of Engineering Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Cantu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Concussion Legacy Foundation Boston MA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Emerson Hospital Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas I.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital Braintree MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine E.","family":"Chaisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Data Coordinating Center Boston University School of Public Health Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Data Coordinating Center Boston University School of Public Health Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd M.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"McClean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Boston University School of Public Health Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Daneshvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Stanford University Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Nowinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Concussion Legacy Foundation Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann C.","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Department of Neurology Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA"},{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs Boston MA"},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Bedford MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1502-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1515-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx350"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.8334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-014-0068-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1435-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.16030043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-315260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314279"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001358"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016160564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(99)00066-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.5.726"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/13158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04513"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5309-07.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.216.3.r00au37672"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.12.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046970"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649109540500"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199909090-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002328"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2014.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515626164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.1317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0148-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a55f7f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-008-9079-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-007-0311-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0382-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476902"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.25.1.659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp334"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000197389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wad.0000201854.62116.d7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000591"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt239"}],"container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fana.25245","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ana.25245","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ana.25245","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/ana.25245","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ana.25245","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T23:12:37Z","timestamp":1692573157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ana.25245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ana.25245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25245","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-5134","1531-8249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-5134","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-08-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-06-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}