{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:03:09Z","timestamp":1792782189400,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,25]],"date-time":"2018-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Savoy Epilepsy Foundation"},{"name":"Botterell Powell's Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institute of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FDN-143208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN-143208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fonds de la Recherche en Sant\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High\u2010frequency oscillations (HFOs) are a promising biomarker for the epileptogenic zone. It has not been possible, however, to differentiate physiological from pathological HFOs, and baseline rates of HFO occurrence vary substantially across brain regions. This project establishes region\u2010specific normative values for physiological HFOs and high\u2010frequency activity (HFA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intracerebral stereo\u2010encephalographic recordings with channels displaying normal physiological activity from nonlesional tissue were selected from 2 tertiary epilepsy centers. Twenty\u2010minute sections from N2\/N3 sleep were selected for automatic detection of ripples (80\u2013250Hz), fast ripples (&gt;250Hz), and HFA defined as long\u2010lasting activity &gt; 80Hz. Normative values are provided for 17 brain regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,171 bipolar channels with normal physiological activity from 71 patients were analyzed. The highest rates of ripples were recorded in the occipital cortex, medial and basal temporal region, transverse temporal gyrus and planum temporale, pre\u2010 and postcentral gyri, and medial parietal lobe. The mean rate of fast ripples was very low (0.038\/min). Only 5% of channels had a rate &gt; 0.2\/min HFA was observed in the medial occipital lobe, pre\u2010 and postcentral gyri, transverse temporal gyri and planum temporale, and lateral occipital lobe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multicenter atlas is the first to provide region\u2010specific normative values for physiological HFO rates and HFA in common stereotactic space; rates above these can now be considered pathological. Physiological ripples are frequent in eloquent cortex. In contrast, physiological fast ripples are very rare, making fast ripples a good candidate for defining the epileptogenic zone. Ann Neurol 2018;84:374\u2013385<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,27]],"date-time":"2018-07-27T00:28:48Z","timestamp":1532651328000},"page":"374-385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":249,"title":["High\u2010Frequency Oscillations in the Normal Human Brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Birgit","family":"Frauscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Studies Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"von Ellenrieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital McGill University  Montreal Quebec 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