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In this study, we present a strong therapeutic candidate for TBI, immunomodulatory nanoparticles (IMPs), which ablate a specific subset of hematogenous monocytes (hMos). We hypothesized that prevention of infiltration of these cells into brain acutely after TBI would attenuate secondary damage and preserve anatomic and neurologic function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>IMPs, composed of US Food and Drug Administration\u2013approved 500nm carboxylated\u2010poly(lactic\u2010co\u2010glycolic) acid, were infused intravenously into wild\u2010type C57BL\/6 mice following 2 different models of experimental TBI, controlled cortical impact (CCI), and closed head injury (CHI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>IMP administration resulted in remarkable preservation of both tissue and neurological function in both CCI and CHI TBI models in mice. After acute treatment, there was a reduction in the number of immune cells infiltrating into the brain, mitigation of the inflammatory status of the infiltrating cells, improved electrophysiologic visual function, improved long\u2010term motor behavior, reduced edema formation as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, and reduced lesion volumes on anatomic examination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that IMPs are a clinically translatable acute intervention for TBI with a well\u2010defined mechanism of action and beneficial anatomic and physiologic preservation and recovery. <jats:bold>Ann Neurol 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