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Any migraine and migraine with (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) were identified by a screener, which we validated against a headache neurologist. We used conditional logistic regression adjusting for age, education, hypertension, diabetes, waist\u2010to\u2010hip ratio, physical inactivity, current smoking, heavy drinking, and oral estrogen use to assess independent association between migraine and CIS. The effect of PFO on the association between migraine and CIS was analyzed with logistic regression in a subgroup investigated with transcranial Doppler bubble screen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The screener performance was excellent (Cohen kappa &gt;\u20090.75) in patients and controls. Compared with nonmigraineurs, any migraine (odds ratio [OR] =\u20092.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] =\u20091.63\u20133.76) and MA (OR = 3.50, 95% CI = 2.19\u20135.61) were associated with CIS, whereas MO was not. The association emerged in both women (OR = 2.97 for any migraine, 95% CI = 1.61\u20135.47; OR = 4.32 for MA, 95% CI = 2.16\u20138.65) and men (OR = 2.47 for any migraine, 95% CI = 1.32\u20134.61; OR = 3.61 for MA, 95% CI = 1.75\u20137.45). Specifically for MA, the association with CIS remained significant irrespective of PFO. MA prevalence increased with increasing magnitude of the right\u2010to\u2010left shunt in patients with PFO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MA has a strong association with CIS in young patients, independent of vascular risk factors and presence of PFO. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:242\u2013253<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T00:17:31Z","timestamp":1603153051000},"page":"242-253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Association between Migraine and Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Martinez\u2010Majander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Artto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauli","family":"Ylikotila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital, Clinical Neurosciences Turku University  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"von Sarnowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Medicine Greifswald  Greifswald Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Waje\u2010Andreassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilufer","family":"Yesilot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology Istanbul University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marialuisa","family":"Zedde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Company Local Health Unit\u2013Reggio Emilia National Institute for Research and Treatment  Reggio Emilia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Huhtakangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Oulu University Hospital  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Numminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Tampere University Hospital  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pekka","family":"J\u00e4k\u00e4l\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kuopio University Hospital, Neurocenter Neurology, Finland and University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital de Santa Maria University of Lisbon  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Redfors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke J. 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