{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:06:08Z","timestamp":1791943568084,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004628","name":"MedImmune","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood tests to monitor disease activity, attack severity, or treatment impact in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) have not been developed. This study investigated the relationship between serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP) concentration and NMOSD activity and assessed the impact of inebilizumab treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>N\u2010MOmentum was a prospective, multicenter, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled, randomized clinical trial in adults with NMOSD. sGFAP levels were measured by single\u2010molecule arrays (SIMOA) in 1,260 serial and attack\u2010related samples from 215\u2009N\u2010MOmentum participants (92% aquaporin 4\u2010immunoglobulin G\u2010seropositive) and in control samples (from healthy donors and patients with relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At baseline, 62 participants (29%) exhibited high sGFAP concentrations (\u2265170\u2009pg\/ml; \u22652 standard deviations above healthy donor mean concentration) and were more likely to experience an adjudicated attack than participants with lower baseline concentrations (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 3.09 [1.6\u20136.1],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= 0.001). Median (interquartile range [IQR]) concentrations increased within 1\u2009week of an attack (baseline: 168.4, IQR = 128.9\u2013449.7 pg\/ml; attack: 2,160.1, IQR = 302.7\u20139,455.0 pg\/ml,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u20090.0015) and correlated with attack severity (median fold change from baseline [FC], minor attacks: 1.06, IQR = 0.9\u20137.4; major attacks: 34.32, IQR = 8.7\u2013107.5,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u20090.023). This attack\u2010related increase in sGFAP occurred primarily in placebo\u2010treated participants (FC: 20.2, IQR = 4.4\u201398.3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u20090.001) and was not observed in inebilizumab\u2010treated participants (FC: 1.1, IQR = 0.8\u201324.6,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt;\u20090.05). Five participants (28%) with elevated baseline sGFAP reported neurological symptoms leading to nonadjudicated attack assessments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum GFAP may serve as a biomarker of NMOSD activity, attack risk, and treatment effects. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:895\u2013910<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T07:36:27Z","timestamp":1615880187000},"page":"895-910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: A Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Biomarker"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-9210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orhan","family":"Aktas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3464-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viela Bio  Gaithersburg MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-8364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William A.","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viela Bio  Gaithersburg MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus University of Colorado  Aurora CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dewei","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viela Bio  Gaithersburg MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliezer","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viela Bio  Gaithersburg MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7689-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce A. C.","family":"Cree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the N\u2010MOmentum scientific group and the N\u2010MOmentum study investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515620934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7169-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000159399.81861.D5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.1637"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30066-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900866"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901747"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31817-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000694"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5120107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1021-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517740641"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21837"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21802"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2011.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/83679"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70076-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33158-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102785"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects","author":"Marshall WJ","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12099"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","unstructured":"KuhleJ KropshoferH MeinertR et al.Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein correlates with characteristics of advanced disease and treatment response in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. 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