{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T21:51:47Z","timestamp":1790459507415,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by JC virus (JCV), which occurs in immunocompromised individuals. Management of PML relies on restoration of immunity within the CNS. However, when this restoration cannot be readily achieved, PML has a grim prognosis. Innovative strategies have shown promise in promoting anti\u2010JCV immune responses, and include T\u2010cell adoptive transfer or immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies. Conversely, management of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, particularly in iatrogenic PML, remains a major challenge. In this paper, we review recent development in the treatment of PML. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:865\u2013873<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T04:21:13Z","timestamp":1629260473000},"page":"865-873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Advances in Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7447-344X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Bernard\u2010Valnet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6836-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor J.","family":"Koralnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davee Department of Neurology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-3434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renaud","family":"Du Pasquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30040-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00427-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.11.1733"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004926"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000618"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70040-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2fa1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0173-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq365"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12599"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20858"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24574"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70006-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200307040-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545759"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.18.10206-10210.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh215"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02506-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545632"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a43e6d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280600716604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1383-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31825a313c"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520942201"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017008201"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22408"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1815039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2408.180460"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1816198"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1817193"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-019-00738-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2511.190705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000628"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000627"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz374"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00899-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000756"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14435"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14433"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04582-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16349"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10414-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286421993684"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0312-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0218-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000902"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2970"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu682"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0657-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0465-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000664"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2010.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801540"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02337-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00174-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31823b9b27"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab1720"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2670"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1452","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008243","article-title":"Risk of natalizumab\u2010associated PML in patients with MS is reduced with extended interval dosing","volume":"93","author":"Ryerson LZ","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323472"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312940"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03959-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821a446b"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003740"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25070"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","unstructured":"KapposL McGuiganC DerfussTet al. Determinants of clinical outcomes for patients with natalizumab\u2010associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. 2019. ECTRIMS online library."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.776"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822e55e7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.248"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833365f4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1304828"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000325"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(14)70027-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-2133"}],"container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ana.26198","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ana.26198","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ana.26198","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T19:35:38Z","timestamp":1725651338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ana.26198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ana.26198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26198","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-5134","1531-8249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-5134","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}