{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:20:07Z","timestamp":1791580807929,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of disease modifying therapies on immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2010coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) vaccines in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four hundred seventy\u2010three people with MS provided one or more dried blood spot samples. Information about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) and vaccine history, medical, and drug history were extracted from questionnaires and medical records. Dried blood spots were eluted and tested for antibodies to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. Antibody titers were partitioned into tertiles with people on no disease modifying therapy as a reference. We calculated the odds ratio of seroconversion (univariate logistic regression) and compared quantitative vaccine response (Kruskal Wallis) following the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccine according to disease modifying therapy. We used regression modeling to explore the effect of vaccine timing, treatment duration, age, vaccine type, and lymphocyte count on vaccine response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to no disease modifying therapy, the use of anti\u2010CD20 monoclonal antibodies (odds ratio\u00a0=\u00a00.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] =\u20090.01\u20130.06,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and fingolimod (odds ratio\u00a0=\u00a00.04; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.01\u20130.12) were associated with lower seroconversion following the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccine. All other drugs did not differ significantly from the untreated cohort. Both time since last anti\u2010CD20 treatment and total time on treatment were significantly associated with the response to the vaccination. The vaccine type significantly predicted seroconversion, but not in those on anti\u2010CD20 medications. Preliminary data on cellular T\u2010cell immunity showed 40% of seronegative subjects had measurable anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 T cell responses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some disease modifying therapies convey risk of attenuated serological response to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccination in people with MS. We provide recommendations for the practical management of this patient group. ANN NEUROL 20219999:n\/a\u2013n\/a<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T00:13:07Z","timestamp":1634947987000},"page":"89-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["<scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 Vaccine Response in People with Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3760-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma C.","family":"Tallantyre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience School of Medicine, Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology University Hospital of Wales  Cardiff 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Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Bestwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Neurology Unit Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kath","family":"Bramhall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales University Hospital of Wales  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randy","family":"Chance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London  London UK"},{"name":"Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London  London 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