{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:39:08Z","timestamp":1790519948371,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Restoring anti\u2010JC virus (JCV) immunity is the only treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Interleukin\u20107 is a cytokine that increases number and function of T cells. We analyzed a population of PML patients who received recombinant human IL\u20107 (rhIL\u20107) to estimate survival and its determinants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>After exclusion of patients with missing data or receiving other immunotherapies, findings from 64 patients with proven PML who received rhIL\u20107 between 2007 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Logistic regression was used to analyze variables associated with one\u2010year survival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Underlying conditions were HIV\/AIDS (n\u00a0=\u00a027, 42%), hematological malignancies (n\u00a0=\u00a016, 25%), primary immunodeficiencies (n\u00a0=\u00a013, 20%), solid organ transplantation (n\u00a0=\u00a04, 6%) and chronic inflammatory diseases (n\u00a0=\u00a04, 6%). One\u2010year survival was 54.7% and did not differ by underlying condition. Survival was not associated with baseline characteristics, but with a\u2009&gt;50% increase in blood lymphocytes (OR 4.1, 95%CI 1.2\u201314.9) and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells (OR 5.9, 95%CI 1.7\u201323.3), and a\u2009&gt;\u20091 log copies\/mL decrease in cerebrospinal fluid JCV DNA (OR 7.6, 95%CI 1.6\u201356.1) during the first month after rhIL\u20107 initiation. Side effects were mainly local and flu\u2010like symptoms (n\u00a0=\u00a08, 12.5%) and PML\u2010immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) (n\u00a0=\u00a05, 8%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this non\u2010controlled retrospective study, survival did not differ from that expected in HIV\/AIDS patients, but might have been improved in those with hematological malignancies, primary immunodeficiencies and transplant recipients. RhIL\u20107 might have contributed to the increase in blood lymphocytes and decrease in CSF JCV replication that were associated with better survival. 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