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We recorded FRN signals while they performed a gambling task. We calculated the mean amplitude difference between losses and gains (FRNdiff) to be used as a predictor of future ICD development. We performed prospective biannual follow\u2010up assessments for 30\u00a0months to detect incident ICDs. Finally, we evaluated how basal FRNdiff was associated with posterior development of ICDs using survival models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between October 7, 2015 and December 16, 2016, we screened 120 patients. Among them, 94 patients performed the gambling and 92 completed the follow\u2010up. Eighteen patients developed ICDs during follow\u2010up, whereas 74 remained free of ICDs. Baseline FRNdiff was greater in patients who developed ICDs than in those who did not (\u22122.33\u03bcV vs \u22120.84\u03bcV,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.001). No other significant baseline differences were found. The FRNdiff was significantly associated with ICD development in the survival models both when not adjusted (hazard ratio [HR]\u00a0=\u20090.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u00a0=\u20090.58\u20130.91,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.006) and when controlling for dopamine replacement therapy, sex, and age (HR\u00a0=\u00a00.74, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.55\u20130.97,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.035). None of the impulsivity measures evaluated was related to ICD development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reward\u2010processing differences measured by FRN signals precede ICD development in PD. This neurophysiological marker permits identification of patients with high risk of ICD development. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:974\u2013984<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T23:25:36Z","timestamp":1660951536000},"page":"974-984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Predicting Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson Disease through Incentive Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0008-2360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Mar\u00edn\u2010Lahoz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department Miguel Servet University Hospital  Zaragoza Spain"},{"name":"Servet Neuroscience Group Institute of Health Research of Aragon (IIS Arag\u00f3n)  Zaragoza Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Barcelona Autonomous University  Barcelona 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Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Horta\u2010Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department Sant Pau Hospital  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Movement Disorders Group Biomedical Research Institute\u2013Sant Pau  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Network Research Center\u2013Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Aracil\u2010Bola\u00f1os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Barcelona Autonomous University  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department Sant Pau Hospital  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Movement Disorders Group Biomedical Research Institute\u2013Sant Pau  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Network Research Center\u2013Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)  Madrid 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