{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T22:57:06Z","timestamp":1783033026519,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined medical records to determine health conditions associated with dementia at varied intervals prior to dementia diagnosis in participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were available for 347 Alzheimer's disease (AD), 76 vascular dementia (VaD), and 811 control participants without dementia. Logistic regressions were performed associating International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD\u20109) health codes with dementia status across all time points, at 5 and 1\u2009year(s) prior to dementia diagnosis, and at the year of diagnosis, controlling for age, sex, and follow\u2010up length of the medical record.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In AD, the earliest and most consistent associations across all time points included depression, erectile dysfunction, gait abnormalities, hearing loss, and nervous and musculoskeletal symptoms. Cardiomegaly, urinary incontinence, non\u2010epithelial skin cancer, and pneumonia were not significant until 1\u2009year before dementia diagnosis. In VaD, the earliest and most consistent associations across all time points included abnormal electrocardiogram (EKG), cardiac dysrhythmias, cerebrovascular disease, non\u2010epithelial skin cancer, depression, and hearing loss. Atrial fibrillation, occlusion of cerebral arteries, essential tremor, and abnormal reflexes were not significant until 1\u2009year before dementia diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that some health conditions are associated with future dementia beginning at least 5\u2009years before dementia diagnosis and are consistently seen over time, while others only reach significance closer to the date of diagnosis. These results also show that there are both shared and distinctive health conditions associated with AD and VaD. These results reinforce the need for medical intervention and treatment to lessen the impact of health comorbidities in the aging population. 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