{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T14:02:16Z","timestamp":1784383336406,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Variants in <jats:italic>GABRA1<\/jats:italic> have been associated with a broad epilepsy spectrum, ranging from genetic generalized epilepsies to developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. However, our understanding of what determines the phenotype severity and best treatment options remains inadequate. We therefore aimed to analyze the electroclinical features and the functional effects of <jats:italic>GABRA1<\/jats:italic> variants to establish genotype\u2013phenotype correlations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetic and electroclinical data of 27 individuals (22 unrelated and 2 families) harboring 20 different <jats:italic>GABRA1<\/jats:italic> variants were collected and accompanied by functional analysis of 19 variants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals in this cohort could be assigned into different clinical subgroups based on the functional effect of their variant and its structural position within the <jats:italic>GABRA1<\/jats:italic> subunit. A homogenous phenotype with mild cognitive impairment and infantile onset epilepsy (focal seizures, fever sensitivity, and electroencephalographic posterior epileptiform discharges) was described for variants in the extracellular domain and the small transmembrane loops. These variants displayed loss\u2010of\u2010function (LoF) effects, and the patients generally had a favorable outcome. A more severe phenotype was associated with variants in the pore\u2010forming transmembrane helices. These variants displayed either gain\u2010of\u2010function (GoF) or LoF effects. GoF variants were associated with severe early onset neurodevelopmental disorders, including early infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data expand the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of <jats:italic>GABRA1<\/jats:italic> epilepsies and permit delineation of specific subphenotypes for LoF and GoF variants, through the heterogeneity of phenotypes and variants. Generally, variants in the transmembrane helices cause more severe phenotypes, in particular GoF variants. These findings establish the basis for a better understanding of the pathomechanism and a precision medicine approach in <jats:italic>GABRA1<\/jats:italic>\u2010related disorders. Further studies in larger populations are needed to provide a conclusive genotype\u2013phenotype correlation. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:27\u201341<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T19:31:06Z","timestamp":1692732666000},"page":"27-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["<scp><i>GABRA1<\/i><\/scp>\u2010Related Disorders: From Genetic to Functional Pathways"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3298-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Musto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center  Dianalund Denmark"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Child Health Area Catholic University UCSC  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Epilepsy and Movement Disorder Neurology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9 IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian W. 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