{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:06:33Z","timestamp":1792202793422,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate accumulation of disability in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein\u2010antibody\u2010associated disease (MOGAD) in a changing treatment landscape. We aimed to identify risk factors for the development of disability milestones in relation to disease duration, number of attacks, and age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed data from individuals with NMOSD and MOGAD from the German Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group registry. Applying survival analyses, we estimated risk factors and computed time to disability milestones as defined by the Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 483 patients: 298 AQP4\u2010IgG<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> NMOSD, 52 AQP4\u2010IgG<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\/MOG\u2010IgG<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> NMOSD patients, and 133 patients with MOGAD. Despite comparable annualized attack rates, disability milestones occurred earlier and after less attacks in NMOSD patients than MOGAD patients (median time to EDSS 3: AQP4\u2010IgG+ NMOSD 7.7 (95% CI 6.6\u20139.6) years, AQP4\u2010IgG<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\/MOG\u2010IgG<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> NMOSD 8.7<jats:italic>)<\/jats:italic> years, MOGAD 14.1 (95% CI 10.4\u201327.6) years; EDSS 4: 11.9 (95% CI 9.7\u201314.7), 11.6 (95% lower CI 7.6) and 20.4 (95% lower CI 14.1) years; EDSS 6: 20.1 (95% CI 16.5\u201332.1), 20.7 (95% lower CI 11.6), and 37.3 (95% lower CI 29.4) years; and EDSS 7: 34.2 (95% lower CI 31.1) for AQP4\u2010IgG<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> NMOSD). Higher age at onset increased the risk for all disability milestones, while risk of disability decreased over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>AQP4\u2010IgG<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> NMOSD, AQP4\u2010IgG<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\/MOG\u2010IgG<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> NMOSD, and MOGAD patients show distinctive relapse\u2010associated disability progression, with MOGAD having a less severe disease course. Investigator\u2010initiated research has led to increasing awareness and improved treatment strategies appearing to ameliorate disease outcomes for NMOSD and MOGAD. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:720\u2013732<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T03:56:27Z","timestamp":1702439787000},"page":"720-732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Time to Disability Milestones and Annualized Relapse Rates in <scp>NMOSD<\/scp> and <scp>MOGAD<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Ankelien","family":"Duchow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Clinical Research Center Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC)  Berlin 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