{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:23:15Z","timestamp":1792815795058,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS133743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS133743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ictal central apnea (ICA) is a semiological sign of focal epilepsy, associated with temporal and frontal lobe seizures. In this study, using qualitative and quantitative approaches, we aimed to assess the localizational value of ICA. We also aimed to compare ICA clinical utility in relation to other seizure semiological features of focal epilepsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed seizures in patients with medically refractory focal epilepsy undergoing intracranial stereotactic electroencephalographic (SEEG) evaluations with simultaneous multimodal cardiorespiratory monitoring. A total of 179 seizures in 72 patients with reliable artifact\u2010free respiratory signal were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ICA was seen in 55 of 179 (30.7%) seizures. Presence of ICA predicted a mesial temporal seizure onset compared to those without ICA (odds ratio\u2009=\u20093.8, 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20091.3\u201311.6, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). ICA specificity was 0.82. ICA onset was correlated with increased high\u2010frequency broadband gamma (60\u2013150Hz) activity in specific mesial or basal temporal regions, including amygdala, hippocampus, and fusiform and lingual gyri. Based on our results, ICA has an almost 4\u2010fold greater association with mesial temporal seizure onset zones compared to those without ICA and is highly specific for mesial temporal seizure onset zones. As evidence of symptomatogenic areas, onset\u2010synchronous increase in high gamma activity in mesial or basal temporal structures was seen in early onset ICA, likely representing anatomical substrates for ICA generation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>ICA recognition may help anatomoelectroclinical localization of clinical seizure onset to specific mesial and basal temporal brain regions, and the inclusion of these regions in SEEG evaluations may help accurately pinpoint seizure onset zones for resection. 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