{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:13:34Z","timestamp":1768868014226,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG044546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG044546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS119831"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS119831"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The adult\u2010onset focal dystonias are characterized by over\u2010active muscles leading to abnormal movements. For most cases, the etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown. In the current study, unbiased proteomics methods were used to identify potential changes in blood plasma proteins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A large\u2010scale unbiased proteomics screen was used to compare proteins (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096,345) in blood plasma of normal healthy controls (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200949) with adult\u2010onset focal dystonia (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009143) consisting of specific subpopulations of cervical dystonia (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200945), laryngeal dystonia (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200949), and blepharospasm (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200949). Pathway analyses were conducted to identify relevant biological pathways. Finally, protein changes were used to build a prediction model for dystonia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After correction for multiple comparisons, 15 proteins were associated with adult\u2010onset focal dystonia. Subgroup analyses revealed some proteins were shared across the dystonia subgroups while others were unique to 1 subgroup. The top biological pathways involved changes in the immune system, metal ion transport, and reactive oxygen species. A 4\u2010protein model showed high accuracy in discriminating control individuals from dystonia cases [average area under the curve (AUC)\u2009=\u20090.89].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>These studies provide novel insights into the etiopathogenesis of dystonia, as well as novel potential biomarkers. 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