{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T10:54:46Z","timestamp":1789901686256,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines associations among fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) injury patterns, etiologies, and outcomes in fetal intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective, single\u2010center cohort study of IPH diagnosed on fetal MRI (1996\u20132022). IPH and associated abnormalities were categorized by 2 pediatric neuroradiologists; electronic medical records were reviewed by 2 pediatric neurologists to classify etiology and outcomes including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, developmental delay, and death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010four fetuses with IPH were identified (34 singleton and 10 twin gestations) with MRI at median 24\u2009weeks gestation (interquartile range [IQR]\u2009=\u200922\u201328\u2009weeks). IPH was commonly supratentorial (84%) and focal (50%) or focal with diffuse injury (43%) and was often associated with germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH; 75%) and\/or intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH; 52%). An etiology was identified in 75%, including twin\u2010twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS, n\u2009=\u200910), COL4A1\/2 variants (n\u2009=\u20098), or other fetal\/maternal conditions (n\u2009=\u200915). COL4A1\/2 variants were associated with focal IPH and the presence of hemorrhagic porencephaly, and intrauterine transfusion was associated with infratentorial hemorrhage. Twenty\u2010two fetuses were liveborn, and 18 pregnancies were terminated. Among those with follow\u2010up \u2265\u200912\u2009months (median\u2009=\u20097\u2009years), 12 of 13 had cerebral palsy, 6 of 13 had developmental delay, and 5 of 13 had epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An etiology for fetal IPH with or without GMH\u2010IVH is identified in most cases in our cohort and is commonly TTTS, COL4A1\/2 variants, or other maternal\/fetal comorbidities. Pattern of fetal IPH on MRI is associated with etiology. Cerebral palsy and neurodevelopmental impairment were common in liveborn infants. Genetic studies should be considered in cases of fetal IPH without an otherwise apparent cause. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:1137\u20131147<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T09:04:06Z","timestamp":1725095046000},"page":"1137-1147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fetal Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage Imaging Patterns, Etiology, and Outcomes: A Single Center Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5466-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Vassar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California San Francisco  San Francisco 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