{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:50:52Z","timestamp":1791823852838,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2503800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2503800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2503806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2503806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82471388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515111172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515111172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003785","name":"Guangdong Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A2022129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2022129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A1515010225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515010225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ofatumumab presents a potentially promising alternative to current second\u2010line immunotherapy for refractory anti\u2010N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate receptor autoimmune encephalitis (NMDAR\u2010AE). We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ofatumumab as a novel second\u2010line immunotherapy for NMDAR\u2010AE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective, multicenter, nested cohort study compared patients with NMDAR\u2010AE from the CHina Autoimmune encephalitiS outcomE study registry (CHASE) recruited between October 2011 and February 2024, treated with and without ofatumumab. The primary outcome was the proportion reaching a favorable functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score \u22642) at the last follow\u2010up. Secondary outcomes included mRS scores and Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE) scores over the first 24\u2010month follow\u2010up and the proportion with further mRS score improvement after ofatumumab initiation. A propensity score matching was performed to balance major confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 715 patients with AE were screened. Fifty\u2010eight propensity score\u2010matched patients with NMDAR\u2010AE each in the ofatumumab group and non\u2010ofatumumab group were analyzed. Fifty\u2010four patients (93.1%) in the ofatumumab group achieved further mRS score improvement with a median time of 14\u2009days from ofatumumab initiation, and 53 (91.4%) reached a favorable functional outcome at the last follow\u2010up. For those who failed first\u2010line immunotherapy, the ofatumumab group demonstrated a faster mRS score and CASE score improvement and more frequently reached a favorable functional outcome at the last follow\u2010up compared with the non\u2010ofatumumab group (87.9% vs. 64.7%, odds ratio [OR] 3.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12\u201313.94;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026). No serious adverse events associated with ofatumumab treatment were reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ofatumumab showed substantial efficacy and safety, particularly in patients who failed first\u2010line immunotherapy, warranting its consideration in NMDAR\u2010AE management. ANN NEUROL 2025;98:80\u201392<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T03:30:53Z","timestamp":1740540653000},"page":"80-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of Ofatumumab Treatment for Anti\u2010\n                    <scp>NMDA<\/scp>\n                    Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis (\n                    <scp>OFF<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>AE<\/scp>\n                    ): A Prospective, Multicenter Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4512-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kundian","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology West China Hospital of Sichuan University  Chengdu 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