{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:52:02Z","timestamp":1789620722180,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,7]],"date-time":"2004-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7860,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We evaluated prospectively 100 patients, the largest reported series, with blepharospasm and orofacial\u2010cervical dystonia, or Meige syndrome. The mean age at onset was 51.7 years, and 81% presented between the ages of 40 and 70. Women outnumbered men three to two. Blepharospasm was the initial symptom in 58 patients, but only 23 had involuntary movements localized to the orbicularis oculi. Sixty\u2010one patients had the complete syndrome, blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia, and 60 had neck or generalized dystonia in addition to the orofacial movements. Twenty\u2010one patients with spasmodic dysphonia were included; in 12 of these patients, spasmodic dysphonia was part of the complete (Meige) syndrome, and 16 of these patients had neck or generalized dystonia or essential tremor. An organic cause of Meige syndrome is supported by a high correlation with essential tremor and other movement disorders and by positive family history in some patients. Response to medication was inconsistent, but 69% of patient trials resulted in some improvement; in 22% the benefit was marked and persistent. Tetrabenazine, lithium, and trihexyphenidyl were most useful for the treatment of oromandibular dystonia, and clonazepam was useful in some patients with blepharospasm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,16]],"date-time":"2005-08-16T13:46:39Z","timestamp":1124199999000},"page":"402-411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":254,"title":["Blepharospasm and orofacial\u2010cervical dystonia: Clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Jankovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1972.00490120046004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(68)90094-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198007000-00009"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"A187","article-title":"Neuropharmacologic epidemiology of dyskinesias in geriatric patients","volume":"32","author":"Blowers AJ","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","unstructured":"BurkeRE FahnS JankovicJ et al: Tardive dystonia: late\u2010onset and persistent 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dyskinesias","volume":"32","author":"Leiguarda R","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410120308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.12.1204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.10.1202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410110123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"437","article-title":"Les convulsions de la face: une forme clinique de convulsion faciale, bilat\u00e9rale et m\u00e9diane","volume":"10","author":"Meige H","year":"1910","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410050418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Functional Neurosurgery","author":"Nashold 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