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Striatal injury was always more severe than damage to overlying cortex. Over half the animals had status marmoratus, a neuropathological change seen in the basal ganglia and thalamus after hypoxic\u2010ischemic injury in full\u2010term human infants. Two weeks after the insult, markers for choinergic, dopaminergic, and \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid\u2013containing neurons were all reduced, but the reduction in cholinergic markers was greater than that for the other two transmitters. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors were relatively preserved, but their distribution was disrupted. In adult animals specific activity of cholinergic neuronal markers was normal, suggesting that the balance of neurotransmitters was restored after the early insult.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T13:43:16Z","timestamp":1104586996000},"page":"511-518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Neurotransmitter alterations in a model of perinatal hypoxic\u2010ischemic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michael V.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)81148-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1971.tb12023.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"A112","article-title":"Double\u2010blind evaluation of high\u2010dose trihexyphenidyl treatment of torsion dystonia (abstract)","volume":"32","author":"Burke RE","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(72)90006-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(08)60651-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1976.tb10393.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/263244a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","volume-title":"The Natural History of Cerebral Palsy","author":"Crothers BS","year":"1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490060103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"599","article-title":"Selective ischemic damage to striatal GABAergic neurons","volume":"6","author":"Francis AJ","year":"1980","journal-title":"Abstr Soc Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(81)90834-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"69","volume-title":"The Cerebral Cortex","author":"Goldman\u2010Rakic PS","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/291415a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410100202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"293","article-title":"Perinatal hypoxic\u2010ischemic injury of rat brain: morphological, neurochemical and behavioral correlates (abstract)","volume":"10","author":"Johnston MV","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90946-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470720684.ch12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.70.1.57","article-title":"Brain neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and pediatrics","volume":"70","author":"Johnston MV","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902000202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anoxic\u2010ischemic encephalopathy in rats","volume":"36","author":"Levine S","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(50)80272-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Intrauterine Asphyxia and the Developing Brain","author":"Myers RE","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","first-page":"324","volume-title":"Greenfield's Neuropathology","author":"Norman RM","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1982.tb06647.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6272394"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7302569"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","volume-title":"Techniques in Neurohistology","author":"Ralis HM","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90906-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410090206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.22.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(82)90072-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","first-page":"440","volume-title":"Diseases of the Basal Ganglia. 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