{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T18:22:24Z","timestamp":1789410144287,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]],"date-time":"2004-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6094,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cell\u2010mediated muscle fiber injury occurs in inclusion body myositis (IBM), polymyositis (PM), and even in Duchenne dystrophy (DD). Most of the autoaggressive cells are T cells and macrophages, but some are killer\/natural killer (K\/NK) cells. We here compare the frequencies per 1,000 muscle fibers of endomysial K\/NK cells of varying cytotoxicity with those of T cells and macrophages in 8 cases each of IBM, PM, and DD. Two\u2010micrometer serial cryostat sections were analyzed. The Leu\u20104 marker, present on all T cells and some K\/NK cells, and the Leu\u20107 and Leu\u201011 markers, present on K\/NK cells, were localized by paired immunofluorescence. Macrophages were demonstrated by the acid phosphatase reaction. In IBM, PM and DD, the respective average cell counts per 1,000 muscle fibers were: Leu\u20104<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>7<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> cells (T cells not expressing a K\/NK marker)\u2014710, 530, and 59; Leu\u20104<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>7<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells (K\/NK cells of low K\/NK cytotoxicity)\u2014294, 163, and 13; Leu\u20104<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>7<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells (K\/NK cells of intermediate cytotoxicity)\u201432, 10, and 2; and macrophages\u2014292, 251, and 38. Leu 11<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> K\/NK cells that have the highest killing activity were virtually absent in all cases. The data suggest a limited role for antigen and major histocompatibility complex unrestricted K\/NK cells, as compared with antigen\u2010specific and major histocompatibility complex\u2010restricted T cells, in IBM and PM. Further, the findings cast doubt on the significance of either T cells or K\/NK cells in mature muscle in DD. We also determined the frequencies of nonnecrotic muscle fibers invaded by mononuclear cells (i.e., fibers affected by cell\u2010mediated cytotoxicity) and of necrotic fibers, for these frequencies are indicators of two major mechanisms of muscle fiber injury in myopathies. Nonnecrotic invaded fibers were 5.5 times more frequent than necrotic fibers in IBM; the converse was true in DD; and the two mechanisms were equally frequent in PM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T17:55:22Z","timestamp":1104602122000},"page":"168-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Monoclonal antibody analysis of mononuclear cells in myopathies. IV: Cell\u2010mediated cytotoxicity and muscle fiber necrosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kiichi","family":"Arahata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410160206","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody analysis of mononuclear cells in myopathies. I: Quantitation of subsets according to diagnosis and sites of accumulation and demonstration and counts of muscle fibers invaded by T cells","volume":"16","author":"Arahata K","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190203","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody analysis of mononuclear cells in myopathies. III: Immunoelectron microscopy aspects of cell\u2010mediated muscle fiber injury","volume":"19","author":"Arahata K","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410160207","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody analysis of mononuclear cells in myopathies. II: Phenotypes of autoinvasive cells in polymyositis and inclusion body myositis","volume":"16","author":"Engel AG","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","volume-title":"Immunology: The science of self\u2010nonself discrimination","author":"Klein J","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.03.040185.001321"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.02.040184.002043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66956-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.129.4.1752","article-title":"Characterization of HNK\u20101+ (Leu\u20107) human lymphocytes. I. Two distinct phenotypes of human NK cells with different cytotoxic capability","volume":"129","author":"Abo T","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830140707"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(84)90238-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.134.2.794","article-title":"Recombinant interleukin 2 enhanced natural killer cell\u2010mediated cytotoxicity in human lymphocyte subpopulations expressing the Leu 7 and Leu 11 antigens","volume":"134","author":"Lanier LL","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.131.4.1789"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.153.2.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.131.4.1876","article-title":"Biosynthesis, glycosylation, and in vitro translation of the human T cell antigen Leu\u20104","volume":"131","author":"Bergman Y","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","volume-title":"An introduction to histochemical technique","author":"Bancroft JD","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"209","article-title":"Complement activation in muscle fiber necrosis: demonstration of the membrane attack complex of complement in necrotic fibers","volume":"16","author":"Engel AG","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.3.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/305155a0","article-title":"Reversible induction of natural killer cell activity in cloned murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"305","author":"Brooks CG","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1983.tb01072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"177","article-title":"Induction of nonspecific killer T cells from nonimmune mouse spleen cells by culture with interleukin 2","volume":"75","author":"Nishimura T","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gann"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.128.4.1892","article-title":"Long\u2010term culture, cloning, and surface markers of mixed leukocyte culture\u2010derived human T lymphocytes with natural killer\u2010like cytotoxicity","volume":"128","author":"Pawelec GP","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.131.4.1827","article-title":"Activation of nonspecific killer cells by inter\u2010leukin 2\u2010containing supernatants","volume":"131","author":"Teh H\u2010S","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fana.410230210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ana.410230210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T02:51:04Z","timestamp":1697856664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ana.410230210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,2]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ana.410230210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410230210","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-5134","1531-8249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-5134","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,2]]}}}