{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:25:03Z","timestamp":1792679103573,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]],"date-time":"2004-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5304,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regional loss of immunohistochemically identified neurons in serial sections through the brainstem of 4 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease was compared with equivalent sections from 4 age\u2010matched control subjects. In the Parkinson brains, the catecholamine cell groups of the midbrain, pons, and medulla showed variable neuropathological changes. All dopaminergic nuclei were variably affected, but were most severely affected in the caudal, central substantia nigra. The pontine noradrenergic locus ceruleus showed variable degrees of degeneration. There was also a substantial loss of substance P\u2013containing neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. However, the most severely affected cell group in the pons was the serotonin\u2010synthesizing neurons in the median raphe. In the medulla, substantial neuronal loss was found in several diverse cell groups including the adrenaline\u2010synthesizing and neuropeptide Y\u2013containing neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, the serotonin\u2010synthesizing neurons in the raphe obscurus nucleus, the substance P\u2013containing neurons in the lateral reticular formation, as well as the substance P\u2013containing neurons in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus. Lewy bodies were present in immunohistochemically identified neurons in many of these regions, indicating that they were affected directly by the disease process. These widespread but region\u2010 and transmitter\u2010specific changes help account for the diversity of motor, cognitive, and autonomic manifestations of Parkinson''s disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T14:19:53Z","timestamp":1104589193000},"page":"373-385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":368,"title":["Neuropathology of immunohistochemically identified brainstem neurons in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"G. M.","family":"Halliday","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. W.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. C.","family":"Blumbergs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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