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In 3 of 4 TS\u2010affected brains, the concentration of adenosine 3\u2032,5\u2032 \u2010monophosphate (cyclic AMP) was reduced in all brain regions evaluated. This diminution in cyclic AMP was not associated with a significant change in the activity of the synthesizing enzyme, adenylate cyclase. No significant differences were identified for the neurotransmitter\u2010synthesizing enzymes choline acetltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase. Concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, and the serotonin metabolite 5\u2010hydroxyindoleacetic acid were not altered. Postsynaptic receptor\u2010binding activity for muscarinic cholinergic ([<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H] quinuclidiny1 benzilate) and beta receptors ([<jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>I]iodocyanopindolol) showed no generalized impairment. It is suggested that symptoms of Tourette's syndrome might be related to an abnormality within a second messenger system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T14:19:53Z","timestamp":1104589193000},"page":"443-446","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Tourette's syndrome: A neurochemical analysis of postmortem cortical brain tissue"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Harvey S.","family":"Singer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In\u2010Hei","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Krowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.152.3.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410150733"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","author":"Richardson EP","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Tourette's syndrome and tic disorders","author":"Leckman JF","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(86)90097-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1971.tb12023.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45227-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(72)90006-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01243515"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.5.1725"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00501307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(78)90363-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1210561"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Advances in cyclic nucleotide research","author":"Salmon Y","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410120408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6147897"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp016007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-09-02359.1985","article-title":"Opiate and \u03b12\u2010adrenoceptor\u2010induced hyperpolarization of locus coeruleus neurons in brain slices: reversal by cyclic adenosine 3\u2032,5\u2032 \u2010monophosphate analogues","volume":"5","author":"Andrade R","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.2610050202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.9.4155"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1982.tb05365.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-08-02235.1986","article-title":"Blockade of D\u20102 dopamine receptors strongly enhances the potency of enkephalins to inhibit dopamine\u2010sensitive adenylate cyclase in rat neostriatum: involvement of \u03c3\u2010and \u03bc\u2010opioid receptors","volume":"6","author":"Schoffelmeer ANM","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.11.030188.000401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","first-page":"393","article-title":"Adenylate cyclase activity of synaptic membranes from rat striatum. 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