{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:07:34Z","timestamp":1781845654843,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]],"date-time":"2004-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5243,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased concentrations of excitotoxin quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are associated with infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV\u20101) and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex. In the present study, inoculation of macaques with D\/1\/California, an immunosuppressive serotype 1 type D retrovirus, was associated with acute and chronic increases in CSF and serum quinolinic acid concentrations in macaques that had developed SAIDS, a simian disease analogous to AIDS in humans\u2013particularly macaques with demonstrable opportunistic infections. Kynurenic acid, an antagonist of excitatory amino acid receptors as well as the excitotoxic effects of quinolinic acid, was also increased in the CSF of SAIDS macaques, but to a significantly lesser degree than was quinolinic acid (kynurenic acid, 1.8\u2010fold; quinolinic acid, 15.6\u2010fold). CSF quinolinic acid, but not kynurenic acid, was also increased in viremic macaques with SAIDS\u2010related complex (2.4\u2010fold) and asymptomatic virus positive carriers (3.4\u2010fold). Macaques that had recovered from D\/1\/California infection and were antibody positive and virus negative had normal CSF quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid concentrations. Increased activity of indoleamine\u20102,3\u2010dioxygenase, the first enzyme of the kynurenine pathway, was indicated in the macaques with SAIDS by reduced serum L\u2010tryptophan and elevated serum L\u2010kynurenine concentrations. Macaques infected with D\/1\/California may provide a primate model for investigation of the mechanisms involved in increases in CSF quinolinic acid in retrovirus and other infectious diseases, including HIV\u20101. It remains to be determined whether the increased CSF quinolinic acid concentrations and the increased ratio of quinolinic acid to kynurenic acid have neurological significance or are a useful \u201cmarker\u201d of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T14:23:31Z","timestamp":1104589411000},"page":"666-675","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Increased ratio of quinolinic acid to kynurenic acid in cerebrospinal fluid of D retrovirus\u2014infected rhesus macaques: Relationship to clinical and viral status"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Melvyn P.","family":"Heyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan N.","family":"Mefford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie J.","family":"Quearry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Dedhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"551","article-title":"Pharmacology and regional variations of quinolinic acid\u2010evoked excitations in rat central nervous system","volume":"226","author":"Perkins MN","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(82)90125-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6849138"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35696-X","article-title":"Tryptophan degradation in mice initiated by indoleamine\u20102, 3\u2010dioxygenase","volume":"261","author":"Takikawa O","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01183.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90101-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190602"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190603"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230711"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","unstructured":"HeyesMP BrewBJ MarkeySP et al. 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