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By adopting in situ hybridization with complementary DNA oligonucleotide probes for human IFN\u2010 IL\u20104, and TGF\u2010\u03b2, the expression of mRNA for these cytokines was detected in mononuclear cells (MNC) from blood and cerebrospinal fluids. Strongly elevated levels of MNC expressing all three cytokines were found in peripheral blood and at even higher frequencies in cerebrospinal fluid from untreated patients with MS and optic neuritis, i.e., a common first manifestation of MS, compared with patients with other neurological diseases and healthy subjects. In MS and optic neuritis, IL\u20104 mRNA expressing cells predominated, followed by TGF\u2010\u03b2\u2013 and IFN\u2010\u03c3\u2013positive cells. Control patients with myasthenia gravis had similarly elevated levels of IFN\u2010\u03c3 and TGF\u2010\u03b2 mRNA expressing blood MNC but lower numbers of IL\u20104\u2013positive cells. No or slight disability of MS was associated with high levels of TGF\u2010\u03b2 mRNA expressing cells, while MS patients with moderate or severe disability had high levels of IFN\u2010\u03c3\u2013positive cells. IFN\u2010\u03c3 and TGF\u2010\u03b2 may have opposing effects in MS, and treatments inhibiting IFN\u2010\u03c3 and\/or promoting TGF\u2010\u03b2 might ameliorate MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T16:06:29Z","timestamp":1104595589000},"page":"379-386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Increased transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2, interleukin\u20104, and interferon\u2010\u03b3 in multiple 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