{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:38:18Z","timestamp":1789587498201,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]],"date-time":"2004-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3690,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relative importance of hyperreflexia and paresis in disturbances of voluntary arm movement was studied in a group of patients (n = 25) with spasticity arising from a unilateral ischemic cerebral lesion. Patient performance was evaluated against data obtained from normal subjects (n = 15). Spastic patients achieved lower maximum movement velocities during flexion or extension than did normal subjects. The more marked the paresis of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles of the patients, relative to the strength of the normal subjects, the greater was this reduction in maximum velocity. For a given velocity, however, the time taken to complete a movement and the time to reach the peak velocity were normal. No relationship was found between the degree of impairment of voluntary movement and the level of passive muscle hypertonia in the antagonist. Although overactivity of the antagonist muscle may play some role in disturbance of movements made at low velocities without an opposing load, antagonist activity during movements made against a load (i.e., under more natural conditions) was at or below normal levels, even in those patients with the most marked passive muscle hypertonia. It is concluded that agonist muscle paresis, rather than antagonist muscle hypertonia, plays the dominant role in the disturbance of voluntary elbow movement following stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T16:06:29Z","timestamp":1104595589000},"page":"397-407","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Voluntary movement at the elbow in spastic hemiparesis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"S. J.","family":"Fellows","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Kaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. F.","family":"Thilmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"485","volume-title":"Spasticity: disordered motor control","author":"Lance JW","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.5.531"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00319742","article-title":"The time\u2010course of bilateral changes in the reflex excitability of relaxed triceps surae muscle in human hemiparetic spasticity","volume":"238","author":"Thilmann AF","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.1.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/109.5.1043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/104.3.431"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.33.2.216"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.34.3.231"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"233","article-title":"The mechanism of spastic muscle hypertonus. Variation in reflex gain over the time course of spasticity","volume":"114","author":"Thilmann AF","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410020604"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410050620"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.1.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.3.749"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"540","article-title":"Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis","volume":"192","author":"Ashworth B","year":"1964","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.69.2.504","article-title":"Gravitoinertial force level influences arm movement control","volume":"69","author":"Fisk J","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(85)90278-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016681"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1984.sp015171"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/99.3.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017681"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.3.208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.3.681"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.2.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.2_Part_1.286"}],"container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fana.410360311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ana.410360311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T15:16:06Z","timestamp":1695827766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ana.410360311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ana.410360311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410360311","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-5134","1531-8249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-5134","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]}}}