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The HIV\u2010infected patients showed positive reactivities in vessels (interleukin\u20101) and in inflammatory cells (mainly interleukin\u20101 and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1), including perivascular hemosiderin\u2010laden macrophages in 5 patients. In zidovudine myopathy, a majority of AZT fibers (i.e., ragged\u2010red fibers with marked myofibrillar changes) showed mild to marked expression of interleukin\u20101. Expression of interleukin\u20101 in the other mitochondrial myopathies was much weaker. Interleukin\u20101\u03b2 messenger RNA was demonstrated in muscle fibers by in situ hybridization, implying that interleukin\u20101 was produced in muscle cells. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that interleukin\u20101\u03b1 was mainly bound to mitochondrial membranes in AZT fibers. Proinflammatory and destructive effects of the studied cytokines might be responsible for several myopathological changes observed in HIV\u2010infected patients, including inflammation and hemosiderin deposits in muscle tissue, and prominent myofibrillar breakdown in AZT fibers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T16:07:18Z","timestamp":1104595638000},"page":"752-758","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cytokine expression in the muscle of HIV\u2010infected patients: Evidence for interleukin\u20101\u03b1 accumulation in mitochondria of AZT fibers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"R. 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