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Rolando and Flourens were followed by Romberg and Todd, and later Friedreich, who all gave the spinal cord temporal precedence as a culprit over the cerebellum\u2013and there were some forerunners. New spinal sensory pathways were delineated by Goll, Flechsig, and Gowers. In France, we must specially credit Duchenne as well as Bouillaud, and later Babinski, Marie, and Dejerine, for correcting, differentaiting, extending, and underpinning current concepts. Failures of input and output, of conduction and central coordination were invoked and explained, among them the vestibular apparatus, as well as the causation by neoplasms, demyelination, degeneration, and infarction affecting even the frontal lobe, thalamus, and basal ganglia Clinical testing was brought up to 20th\u2010century standards essentially by Sherrington and B\u00e1r\u00e1ny, followed by Dandy, the neurosurgeon who showed how to replace ventricular fluid by air, more recently made obsolete by modern roentgenographic procedures. 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