{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:41:09Z","timestamp":1789155669852,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]],"date-time":"2004-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3509,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV\u20101) protein Tat is known to be released from HIV\u20101\u2010infected cells. We show that micromolar concentrations of Tat depolarized young rat and adult human neurons. In addition, Tat, at similar concentrations, was toxic to human fetal neurons in culture. Tat\u2010induced responses were insensitive to the Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> channel blocker tetrodotoxin, suggesting a direct effect of Tat on neurons. Tat\u2010induced depolarizations and cytotoxicity were blocked by the excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenate. The <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methylv<jats:sc>D<\/jats:sc>\u2010aspartate receptor antagonist <jats:sc>D<\/jats:sc>v2vaminov5\u2010phosphonovalerate had little effect on Tatvinduced depolarizations but did provide protection from Tat neurotoxicity. These results suggest that Tat, released from HIVv1vinfected cells, may be an important mediator of neurotoxicity observed in HIV1 encephalopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T16:14:15Z","timestamp":1104596055000},"page":"373-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":220,"title":["Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat activates non\u2014<i>N<\/i>\u2010methyl\u2010<scp>D<\/scp>\u2010aspartate excitatory amino acid receptors and causes neurotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"David S. 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