{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:43:43Z","timestamp":1791420223352,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,8]],"date-time":"2004-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3051,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV\u20101) infects the brains of a majority of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and has been linked to the development of a progressive dementia termed \u201cHIV\u2010associated dementia.\u201d This disorder results in severe cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits. Despite this neurological dysfunction, HIV\u20101 infection of brain cells does not occur significantly in neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes, but is restricted to brain macrophages and microglia. To identify possible low\u2010level or latent infection of other brain cells, we combined the techniques of the polymerase chain reaction with in situ hybridization for the detection of HIV DNA, and used immunocytochemistry to identify the HIV\u2010expressing cells. In the 21 adult brains studied (15 AIDS and 6 seronegative control brains), we found that polymerase chain reaction\/in situ hybridization was both sensitive and specific for identifying HIV\u2010infected cells. In all brains, the majority of infected cells were macrophages and microglia. In several brains, however, a substantial minority of cells harboring HIV DNA were identified as astrocytes. Neurons, oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells were not infected with HIV, even in cases with HIV\u2010associated dementia. These findings confirm previous data regarding the importance of macrophage\/microglial infection, and essentially exclude neuronal infection in pathogenetic models of HIV\u2010associated neurological disease. These data also demonstrate that latent or low\u2010level infection of astrocytes occurs in AIDS, a finding that may be of importance in understanding HIV neuropathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T14:46:04Z","timestamp":1104590764000},"page":"705-711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":309,"title":["Localization of HIV\u20101 in human brain using polymerase chain reaction\/in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Kiyomi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Wesselingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane E.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin 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