{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:23:15Z","timestamp":1792815795038,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize insular seizure semiology and correlate with stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) seizure onset in a well\u2010defined cohort, in particular examining differences between anterior and posterior insular seizures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We documented all semiological signs and the timing of emergence for 45 patients with SEEG\u2010confirmed insular epilepsy, along with the precise location of the seizure onset zone (SOZ) within the insula. Semiological signs and other non\u2010invasive data were compared between those with anterior and posterior insula SOZ, with more detailed insular subregion description when appropriate. Co\u2010occurrence patterns of insular semiological signs were also investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 87% reported auras and the corresponding insular SOZ demonstrated an anterior\u2010to\u2010posterior gradient by aura type. The absence of aura was significantly associated with an anterior insula SOZ (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01). Late grunting\/moaning (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.07), symmetric mouth elementary motor (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.1), blinking (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05), and chewing\/repetitive swallowing (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.09) also suggested an anterior insula SOZ. Unilateral non\u2010painful somatosensory aura (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.07) and early arm\/hand elementary motor (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.1) suggested a posterior insular SOZ.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report the characteristics and semiological features in a large cohort of primary insular epilepsy patients. The type of aura is crucial for identifying the SOZ and the timing of semiological emergence contributes to the anatomo\u2010electro\u2010clinical localization of an insular SOZ. These findings can enhance identification of insular epilepsy, making targeted curative treatment feasible. 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