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Multicolor spectral flow cytometry was performed on 15 of the samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cell cluster analysis identified a subpopulation of classical monocytes with significantly high interleukin\u20101 beta (\n                      <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) expression and a pro\u2010inflammatory profile compared to other monocyte clusters. This monocyte cluster expressed genes of pro\u2010inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, such as\n                      <jats:italic>CXCL8<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CCL3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CCL4<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>TNF\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and was a major cell transmitter subset within the intercellular communication network. The IL1B\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      monocyte cluster was prevalent in HC (8.1% of PBMCs), but reduced in untreated MS patients (0.8% of PBMCs). High\n                      <jats:italic>CXCR4<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression and Gene Ontology\u2010term analysis indicated that IL1B\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      monocytes from MS patients had central nervous system (CNS)\u2010infiltrating abilities in contrast to HC, likely regulated by\n                      <jats:italic>LEF1<\/jats:italic>\n                      . After anti\u2010CD20 treatment, IL1B\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      monocytes showed changes in pro\u2010inflammatory gene expression and\n                      <jats:italic>MYC<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010associated regulatory networks, and their abundance increased 6\u2010fold in the blood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our single\u2010cell analysis identified a unique peripheral IL1B\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      monocyte cluster with a suggested CNS\u2010infiltrating cellular phenotype that may explain its lower abundance in the blood of untreated compared to anti\u2010CD20 treated MS patients. Treatment\u2010associated changes in this population may contribute to the non\u2010B cell related effects of anti\u2010CD20 therapy. ANN NEUROL 2025;98:1283\u20131298\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.78004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T11:54:46Z","timestamp":1756468486000},"page":"1283-1298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phenotypic Changes in a Monocyte Cluster with High Interleukin\u20101 Beta Expression during Long\u2010Term Anti\u2010\n                    <scp>CD20<\/scp>\n                    Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7458-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mie","family":"Waede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Odense University 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