{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T04:59:19Z","timestamp":1792299559136,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to compare the long\u2010term safety profiles of ocrelizumab and rituximab in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using retrospective data from the University of California (UC) Health System, we simulated a target clinical trial. The primary cohort from UC San Francisco (UCSF) and a validation cohort from 5 other UC Medical Centers were analyzed. After applying exclusion criteria and propensity score matching based on disease characteristics, demographics, and socioeconomic factors, we compared UCSF patients receiving ocrelizumab (n\u2009=\u2009542) and rituximab (n\u2009=\u2009271)and validated in the UC\u2010wide MS population (n\u2009=\u2009486 and n\u2009=\u2009162 patients, respectively). The primary outcome was an all\u2010cause hospitalization rate; secondary outcomes included hypogammaglobulinemia development and infection incidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rituximab showed higher all\u2010cause hospitalization rates compared to ocrelizumab in both UCSF (incidence rate ratio [IRR]\u2009=\u20092.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20091.37\u20133.82,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and UC\u2010wide cohorts (IRR\u2009=\u20094.54, 95% CI\u2009=\u20094.30\u20137.61,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Cumulative hazard ratios (HRs) were similarly elevated with rituximab at UCSF (HR\u2009=\u20092.27, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.37\u20133.75,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and UC\u2010wide (HR\u2009=\u20094.01, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.25\u20136.32,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The risk of developing hypogammaglobulinemia was higher with rituximab at both UCSF (HR\u2009=\u20092.72, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.18\u20136.29,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) and UC\u2010wide (HR\u2009=\u20094.79, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.04\u201311.25,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A more favorable safety profile was observed for ocrelizumab, with lower rates of hospitalization and hypogammaglobulinemia across 2 independent cohorts. These findings may help guide treatment strategies in persons with MS. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:248\u2013260<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.78033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T12:10:58Z","timestamp":1757333458000},"page":"248-260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Comparative Safety Profiles of Ocrelizumab and Rituximab in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Using Real\u2010World Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Cerono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7689-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce A.C.","family":"Cree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4932-4001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0067-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio E.","family":"Baranzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61649-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.1625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1149629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V110.11.645.645"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2115463"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0084.1987.mp49004006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","volume-title":"Modeling survival data: extending the cox model","author":"Therneau TM","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802221134172"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"ReynoldsL McDonellK.Prompt programming for large language models: beyond the few\u2010shot paradigm 2021. [cited 2024 Oct 28] Available at:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2102.07350."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506070775"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517690618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000208063"}],"container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ana.78033","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ana.78033","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ana.78033","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T05:27:54Z","timestamp":1775885274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ana.78033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ana.78033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.78033","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-5134","1531-8249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-5134","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}