{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:53:04Z","timestamp":1788367984676,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of brain\u2010computer interface (BCI)\u2010controlled exoskeleton training on lower\u2010limb functional recovery, psychological outcomes, and neural plasticity in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a single\u2010center, prospective, randomized, single\u2010blind pilot trial (ChiCTR2300074503) including 21 patients with SCI. Participants were randomized to a BCI\u2010exoskeleton group (B\u2009+\u2009E, n\u2009=\u200910) or an exoskeleton\u2010only group (E, n\u2009=\u200911) for lower\u2010limb training. Both groups received conventional rehabilitation plus 30\u2009minutes of training, 6\u2009days per week, for 4\u2009weeks. The primary outcomes were Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI II) scoring. Secondary outcomes included Lower Extremity Motor Score (LEMS), Spinal Cord Independence Measure version III (SCIM III), International Association of Neurorestoratology Spinal Cord Injury Functional Rating Scale (IANR\u2010SCIFRS), 10\u2010Meter Walk Test (10MWT), 6\u2010Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Cortical plasticity was assessed by electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The B\u2009+\u2009E group showed a significant improvement in LEMS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), whereas both groups improved in IANR\u2010SCIFRS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The B\u2009+\u2009E group demonstrated significant within\u2010group gains in walking speed (10MWT,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and endurance (6MWT,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.031), although between\u2010group differences were not significant. Compared with the E group, the B\u2009+\u2009E group had larger reductions in HADS scores (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003). EEG analyses revealed stronger \u03bc\/\u03b2 desynchronization and increased network efficiency, whereas MRI showed no structural changes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BCI\u2010controlled exoskeleton training enhanced motor function, walking performance, and depressive symptoms more than exoskeleton training alone, likely through cortical reorganization. Extended training may further consolidate these benefits, supporting BCI\u2010exoskeleton integration as a promising rehabilitation strategy for SCI. ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1124\u20131138<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.78144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T09:50:33Z","timestamp":1767347433000},"page":"1124-1138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Brain\u2010Computer Interface\u2010Controlled Exoskeleton Training for Lower\u2010Limb Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Xuantao","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou People's Republic of 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