{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T06:03:30Z","timestamp":1779775410997,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The role of microglia has emerged as a critical driver of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS), but we lack broadly applicable monitoring tools. Here, we investigated whether hyperreflective foci (HRF), as detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT) within the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the retina, can be used as a marker for microglial pathology. We demonstrate that HRF counts are increased in persons with relapsing and progressive MS and correlate with global white and gray matter, as well as deep gray matter [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]GE\u2010180 uptake.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                      <jats:caption>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          [Color figure can be viewed at\n                          <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.annalsofneurology.org\">www.annalsofneurology.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                          ]\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:caption>\n                      <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/ana78215-toc-0001-m.png\">\n                        <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <jats:caption>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            [Color figure can be viewed at\n                            <jats:ext-link xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.annalsofneurology.org\">www.annalsofneurology.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                            ]\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:caption>\n                      <\/jats:graphic>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    ANN NEUROL 2026;99:1480\u20131485\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.78215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:27:18Z","timestamp":1775626038000},"page":"1480-1485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hyperreflective Foci in the Inner Nuclear Layer:\u00a0Proof\u2010of\u2010Concept for an Optical Coherence Tomography Derived Microglia\u2010Related Marker in Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6655-5557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Gernert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen  Planegg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Bartos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Christmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Zausinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2718-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca N.","family":"Diedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen  Munich 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