{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:52:51Z","timestamp":1791301971092,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) has long\u2010lasting effects. Generic clinical assessment\u2010scales insufficiently capture disease\u2010specific sequelae. Patient\u2010reported outcome measures (PROMs) assess outcomes important to patients, ensuring relevance in the clinic and trials. We developed a disease\u2010specific patient\u2010reported outcome scale for encephalitis (PROSE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Existing PROM\u2010items (n\u2009=\u2009235) were evaluated for content\u2010validity and supplemented with focus\u2010group\u2010derived items. Patients with a history of anti\u2010NMDAR, anti\u2010LGI1, or anti\u2010CASPR2 encephalitis completed the preliminary item pool (n\u2009=\u2009166). To refine and reduce the item\u2010pool and create the PROSE, we conducted item\u2010, factor\u2010, and Rasch\u2010analyses. Test\u2013retest reliability was assessed over 2\u2009weeks and convergent\u2010validity against established measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The analysis included data from 202 patients with anti\u2010LGI1 (n\u2009=\u200997), anti\u2010NMDAR (n\u2009=\u200985), and anti\u2010CASPR2 (n\u2009=\u200920) encephalitis, median 3.5\u2009years from diagnosis (range\u2009=\u20090.05\u201314; n\u2009=\u200941\u2009&lt;1\u2009year). Prospective, repeated assessments (n\u2009=\u200952) were available in 22 patients diagnosed &lt;24\u2009months prior. Analyses supported the viability of a 40\u2010item unidimensional interval scale for patient\u2010perceived disease\u2010severity: the PROSE. The person\u2010separation (Cronbach's alpha\u2009=\u20090.92,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and test\u2013retest reliability (intra\u2010class correlation\u2010coefficient\u2009=\u20090.93,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, n\u2009=\u200923) were high. PROSE covers cognition, behavior, emotional and physical wellbeing, daily activities, and participation. PROSE scores were normally distributed and informative across subtypes and demographic groups, correlated with time\u2010since\u2010diagnosis (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.32,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00018) and captured improvement over time prospectively (n\u2009=\u200922). They showed reasonable\u2010to\u2010good agreement with self\u2010reported physical and emotional wellbeing (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.57 and 0.55,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and quality of life (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.57,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) on Visual Analogue Scales, to existing PROMs (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.42 to\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.81) and functional scores (mRS\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.44,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, CASE\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.40,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with strongest correlations to aggregate constructs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSE is a psychometrically robust, disease\u2010specific patient\u2010reported outcome assessment\u2010tool for encephalitis. ANN NEUROL 2026;100:511\u2013524<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.78287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:00:42Z","timestamp":1783396842000},"page":"511-524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A new Patient\u2010Reported Outcome Scale to assess autoimmune Encephalitis:\n                    <scp>PROSE<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5523-4398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliette","family":"Brenner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0279-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvette S.","family":"Crijnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"Kulderij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sammy H.C.","family":"Olijslagers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Catharina Hospital  Eindhoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinthia J.","family":"Ruhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke A.G.","family":"Tolido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura P.","family":"Kersten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia C.P.","family":"Verkoelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsey N.","family":"Kret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigit","family":"Thomassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finn I.","family":"van Wijnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juna M.","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa M.","family":"Bienfait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Kerstens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6842-095X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin W.","family":"van Steenhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna E. M.","family":"Bastiaansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Erasmus University Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marienke A.A.M.","family":"de Bruijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Elisabeth TweeSteden Hospital  Tilburg The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"van Sonderen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Haaglanden Medical Centre  The Hague The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Veenbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ava","family":"Easton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Encephalitis International  Malton UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A. 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