{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:56:01Z","timestamp":1791294961877,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to explore the association between 18\u2009kDa translocator protein (TSPO)\u2010positron emission tomography (PET)\u2013measurable glial activation and serum chitotriosidase (CHIT1) in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), and its expression in postmortem MS brain tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this cross\u2010sectional study, 89 pwMS (19 progressive MS [PMS] and 70 relapsing\u2013remitting MS [RRMS]) and 16 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched healthy controls underwent [\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]PK11195 TSPO\u2010PET. Serum CHIT1 concentration was measured using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). T1\u2010weighted hypointense lesions were phenotyped as rim\u2010active, overall\u2010active, or inactive based on [\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]PK11195\u2010binding in lesion centers and edges. Spearman correlation was used to analyze associations between CHIT1 and study variables. Postmortem CHIT1 and TSPO expressions were assessed immunohistochemically and by re\u2010analyzing spatial transcriptomics as well as single\u2010nucleus and pseudobulk RNA\u2010sequencing datasets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CHIT1 correlated positively with the number (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20090.01\u20130.58,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.038), volume (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.39, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.08\u20130.63,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013), and percentage (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.31, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.003\u20130.57,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.046) of rim\u2010active lesions and with TSPO\u2010binding in the T1\u2010weighted perilesional area (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.36, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.05\u20130.61,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020) in the exploratory CHIT1\u2010high cohort divided based on median CHIT1 concentration in pwMS (22.1\u2009ng\/ml). CHIT1 correlated with GFAP (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.23, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.003\u20130.44,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042) and neurofilament light chain (NfL;\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.26, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.03\u20130.46,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.022) in the pwMS cohort. Spatial transcriptomics demonstrated significantly higher\n                      <jats:italic>CHIT1<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression in active lesions and at the edge of chronic active lesions than in white matter (ANOVA\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001; post hoc multiple comparison analysis\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High serum CHIT1 correlated with the presence of TSPO\u2010PET\u2010identified chronic active lesions. The potential utility of serum CHIT1 as a biomarker for concomitant detrimental glial activation at the edge of chronic active lesions in MS brain warrants further validation. ANN NEUROL 2026<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.78386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:58:24Z","timestamp":1791291504000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum Chitotriosidase Links to Activated Glia at Chronic Active Lesion Rims in Multiple Sclerosis Brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5615-5438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venla","family":"Ahola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Turku PET Centre University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, and \u00c5bo Akademi University  Turku Finland"},{"name":"InFLAMES Research Flagship University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maija","family":"Saraste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Turku PET Centre University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, and \u00c5bo Akademi University  Turku Finland"},{"name":"InFLAMES Research Flagship University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Neurocenter Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Pedrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neuropathology Lab IRCSS Humanitas Research Hospital  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Tuomaala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Turku PET Centre University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, and \u00c5bo Akademi University  Turku Finland"},{"name":"InFLAMES Research Flagship University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Neurocenter Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luzia","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology University Hospital M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Matilainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Turku PET Centre University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, and \u00c5bo Akademi University  Turku Finland"},{"name":"InFLAMES Research Flagship University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Neurocenter Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Lindenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology University Hospital M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eeva\u2010Christine","family":"Brockmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology, Department of Life Technologies University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Sofia","family":"Martire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neuropathology Lab IRCSS Humanitas Research Hospital  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Sandgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Research and Biomedicine, MS Center, Neurology and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) University Hospital and University of Basel  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6172-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Leppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Research and Biomedicine, MS Center, Neurology and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) University Hospital and University of Basel  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6963-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Kuhle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Research and Biomedicine, MS Center, Neurology and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) University Hospital and University of Basel  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Kuhlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology University Hospital M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Absinta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neuropathology Lab IRCSS Humanitas Research Hospital  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Airas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Turku PET Centre University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, and \u00c5bo Akademi University  Turku Finland"},{"name":"InFLAMES Research Flagship University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Neurocenter Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00624-x","article-title":"The role of glial cells in multiple sclerosis disease progression","volume":"18","author":"Healy LM","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864241306684","article-title":"Chronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis: classification, terminology, and clinical significance","volume":"17","author":"Dal\u2010Bianco A","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.5250","article-title":"Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein compared with neurofilament light chain as a biomarker for disease progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"80","author":"Meier S","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00009-6","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light chain for individual prognostication of disease activity in people with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective modelling and validation study","volume":"21","author":"Benkert P","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf433","article-title":"GFAP and NfL as predictors of disease progression and relapse activity in fingolimod\u2010treated multiple sclerosis","volume":"149","author":"Maceski AM","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.11.014","article-title":"Chitinases and immunity: ancestral molecules with new functions","volume":"221","author":"Di Rosa M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000921","article-title":"Chitinases and chitinase\u2010like proteins as biomarkers in neurologic disorders","volume":"8","author":"Pinteac R","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49312-y","article-title":"CHIT1 at diagnosis predicts faster disability progression and reflects early microglial activation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Beli\u00ebn J","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01810","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of multiple sclerosis pathology identifies early patterns of demyelination surrounding chronic active lesions","volume":"8","author":"Hendrickx DAE","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25691","article-title":"CHIT1 at diagnosis reflects long\u2010term multiple sclerosis disease activity","volume":"87","author":"Oldoni E","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12960","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid chitinase\u20103\u2010like 2 and chitotriosidase are potential prognostic biomarkers in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"M\u00f8llgaard M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2008.12.004","article-title":"Plasma chitotriosidase activity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"131","author":"Comabella M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506070614","article-title":"Intrathecal chitotriosidase and the outcome of multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Sotgiu S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510392619","article-title":"Chitinase effects on immune cell response in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Correale J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson AJ","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000691","article-title":"Insights into disseminated MS brain pathology with multimodal diffusion tensor and PET imaging","volume":"7","author":"Bezukladova S","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol(R) Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae013","article-title":"Imaging chronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement","volume":"147","author":"Bagnato F","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-023-00812-1","article-title":"Carimas: an extensive medical imaging data processing tool for research","volume":"36","author":"Rainio O","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Digit Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000443","article-title":"Microglial activation, white matter tract damage, and disability in MS","volume":"5","author":"Rissanen E","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol(R) Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcab301","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab301","article-title":"Phenotyping of multiple sclerosis lesions according to innate immune cell activation using 18 kDa translocator protein\u2010PET","volume":"4","author":"Nylund M","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"158","article-title":"Reference and target region modeling of [11C]\u2010(R)\u2010PK11195 brain studies","volume":"48","author":"Turkheimer FE","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.59","article-title":"Optimization of supervised cluster analysis for extracting reference tissue input curves in (R)\u2010[(11)C]PK11195 brain PET studies","volume":"32","author":"Yaqub M","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03625-7","article-title":"Broad rim lesions are a new pathological and imaging biomarker for rapid disease progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Klotz L","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","volume-title":"Exploratory data analysis","author":"Tukey JW","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038-006-0086-1","article-title":"Human CHIT1 gene distribution: new data from Mediterranean and European populations","volume":"52","author":"Piras I","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63371-9","article-title":"Spatially\u2010restricted inflammation\u2010induced senescent\u2010like glia in multiple sclerosis and patient\u2010derived organoids","volume":"16","author":"Fagiani F","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E50","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab043","article-title":"SPOTlight: seeded NMF regression to deconvolute spatial transcriptomics spots with single\u2010cell transcriptomes","volume":"49","author":"Elosua\u2010Bayes M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03892-7","article-title":"A lymphocyte\u2013microglia\u2013astrocyte axis in chronic active multiple sclerosis","volume":"597","author":"Absinta M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab003","article-title":"Nebulosa recovers single\u2010cell gene expression signals by kernel density estimation","volume":"37","author":"Alquicira\u2010Hernandez J","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14118-w","article-title":"Integrated single cell analysis of blood and cerebrospinal fluid leukocytes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Schafflick D","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.11.016","article-title":"snRNA\u2010seq stratifies multiple sclerosis patients into distinct white matter glial responses","volume":"113","author":"Macnair W","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"Limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA\u2010sequencing and microarray studies","volume":"43","author":"Ritchie ME","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02189-9","article-title":"Lesion stage\u2010dependent causes for impaired remyelination in MS","volume":"140","author":"He\u00df K","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200133","article-title":"TSPO\u2010detectable chronic active lesions predict disease progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Polvinen E","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol(R) Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2005.088","article-title":"Effect of interferon\u2010\u03b3, interleukin\u201010, lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 on chitotriosidase synthesis in human macrophages","volume":"43","author":"Di Rosa M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-012-9471-x","article-title":"Modulation of chitotriosidase during macrophage differentiation","volume":"66","author":"Di Rosa M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864251357276","article-title":"Predictors of risk of secondary progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Laaksonen S","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13881","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers as a measure of disease activity and treatment efficacy in relapsing\u2010remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"141","author":"Novakova L","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1267-1","article-title":"Microglia: unique and common features with other tissue macrophages","volume":"128","author":"Prinz M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2025-336063","article-title":"Plasma CHI3L1 associates with brain volume loss and glial activation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Ahola V","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-331051","article-title":"Association of serum neurofilament light with microglial activation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Saraste M","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864251352998","article-title":"Serum glial fibrillary acid protein associates with TSPO\u2010expressing lesions in multiple sclerosis brain","volume":"18","author":"Sj\u00f6ros T","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03243-z","article-title":"CX3CR1+\/UCHL1+ microglial extracellular vesicles in blood: a potential biomarker for multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Duan J","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318868","article-title":"Different neuroinflammatory profile in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia is linked to the clinical phase","volume":"90","author":"Oeckl P","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3871","article-title":"Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Dendrou CA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25680","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.40.25680","article-title":"The human chitotriosidase gene: Nature of inherited enzyme deficiency","volume":"273","author":"Boot RG","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["Annals of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ana.78386","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ana.78386","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ana.78386","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:58:31Z","timestamp":1791291511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ana.78386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ana.78386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.78386","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-5134","1531-8249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-5134","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ana.78386"}}