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Advances in nanomaterial synthesis and high\u2010resolution characterization now allow detailed structural and compositional analysis, but static methods fall short of capturing the dynamic behaviors of active sites during operation. In this review, we focus on the growing role of in situ and operando techniques such as optical, X\u2010ray, and electron\u2010based, in resolving catalytic structure and reactivity under real\u2010life working conditions. These methods offer unparalleled access to the evolution of surface species, reaction intermediates, and interfacial topologies that govern catalytic functions. We highlight how in situ and operando studies have revealed transient phenomena and mechanistic details previously inaccessible, and discuss their critical roles in advancing systems for water splitting, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction, and fuel cells related renewable energy applications. Beyond highlighting the real\u2010time transformations captured by operando and in situ methods, this review underscores how coupling operando datasets with theoretical modeling and machine learning can accelerate mechanistic discovery and enable rational catalyst design. By extracting hidden correlations and guiding closed\u2010loop experimentation, data\u2010driven approaches promise to reduce reliance on empirical trial\u2010and\u2010error and unlock predictive control over catalytic performance. Taken together, these developments position operando characterization, when coupled with AI\u2010driven interpretation, as a cornerstone of future energy research, providing a pathway to accelerate discovery, design, and deployment of next\u2010generation electrocatalysts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.1526477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T08:55:37Z","timestamp":1791622537000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Situ and Operando Techniques for Electrocatalysis in Renewable Energy Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3004-2776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Touqeer","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences At the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8018-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences At the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2020.100681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad4998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1249625"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.33.022802.094122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560\u2010020\u20100576\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4738"},{"issue":"6438","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav3506","article-title":"What Would It Take for Renewably Powered Electrosynthesis to Displace Petrochemical Processes?","volume":"364","author":"De Luna P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201005758\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360\u20103199(02)00074\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00705"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101260\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2018.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c01080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201804333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Jin Are Metal Chalcogenides Nitrides and Phosphides Oxygen Evolution Catalysts or Bifunctional Catalysts? 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