{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:11:09Z","timestamp":1788401469943,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"25","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["951519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["951519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["865870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["865870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF210C0071282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF210C0071282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Angew Chem Int Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We report a robust redox\u2010active N\u2010heterocyclic carbene (NHC) monolayer that exhibits synapse\u2010like behavior driven by proton\u2010coupled electron transfer (PCET). Our quinone\u2010functionalized NHC (Rex\u2013NHC) forms densely packed, upright self\u2010assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au, confirmed by cyclic voltammetry, x\u2010 ray photoelectron spectroscopy, sum\u2010frequency generation spectroscopy, and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. Molecular junctions built as Au\u2013Rex\u2013NHC\/\/Ga\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/EGaIn operate over\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02\u00a0V and can withstand electric fields up to 3.3\u00a0GV\/m. Bias\u2010induced PCET toggles between quinone (off) and hydroquinone (on) states, yielding reversible hysteresis with on\/off ratios up to 1.9\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The devices exhibit spike\u2010timing and spike\u2010rate\u2010dependent plasticity, demonstrating for the first time molecular\u2010level neuromorphic behavior using NHCs as anchoring groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.1823213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T10:39:14Z","timestamp":1776422354000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stable Synapse\u2010Like Memory Switching in N\u2010Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Ankita","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Organisch\u2010Chemisches Institut University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Borrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Materials for Opto\u2010Electronics Group Department of Molecules and Materials MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Molecules Center and Center for Brain\u2010Inspired Nano Systems Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente  Enschede The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gutheil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organisch\u2010Chemisches Institut University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Braunschweig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Billura","family":"Shakhayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Katsoukis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalytic Processes &amp; Materials Group Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente  Enschede The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ab F.","family":"Nieuwenhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Materials for Opto\u2010Electronics Group Department of Molecules and Materials MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Molecules Center and Center for Brain\u2010Inspired Nano Systems Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente  Enschede The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raka","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Nano\u2010Science Center University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen \u00d8 Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Leitherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Nano\u2010Science Center University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen \u00d8 Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma C.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Nano\u2010Science Center University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen \u00d8 Denmark"},{"name":"NNF Quantum Computing Programme Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0648-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Glorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organisch\u2010Chemisches Institut University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian A.","family":"Nijhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Materials for Opto\u2010Electronics Group Department of Molecules and Materials MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Molecules Center and Center for Brain\u2010Inspired Nano Systems Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente  Enschede The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578\u2010023\u201000622\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202418281"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.van deBurgt \u201cRecent Advances in On\u2010Chip Learning With Organic Neuromorphic Circuits \u201d in9th IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference (EDTM)(2025) 11041659 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EDTM61175.2025.11041659.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDTM61175.2025.11041659"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201702979"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200904102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00112F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578\u2010021\u201000302\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00680"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00497"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563\u2010020\u20100697\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202200833"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.202000932"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CS01299B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja067475w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2004.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja974301t"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja990230h"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13384"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570\u2010021\u201000321\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2023.102024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00514"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CC05183D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00220"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja401965d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201701045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b06180"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201019500\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12654"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202201093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201002782"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2024.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1891"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01733"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b05184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CC01585J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201052496\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","article-title":"A Free N\u2010Heterocyclic Carbene and Its Metal Complex","author":"Das A.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie International Edition"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NH00211C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.202500201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b02481"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja5007417"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la701919r"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202203391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200703642"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b02967"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0743083"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2009.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2622"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557\u2010023\u201001310\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0584\u20108539(96)01769\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.333374"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c08045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la502037h"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2011.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b05137"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563\u2010022\u201001402\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200600917"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z.Wang Z.Li C.Li et al. \u201cGeneric Dynamic Molecular Devices by Quantitative Non\u2010Steady\u2010State Proton\/Water\u2010Coupled Electron Transport Kinetics \u201d inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America(2023) e2304506120 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2304506120.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2304506120"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp303072a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201801710"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TA02443A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2016.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.65.165401"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c01540"}],"container-title":["Angewandte Chemie International Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/anie.1823213","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/anie.1823213","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/anie.1823213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T09:48:04Z","timestamp":1781516884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/anie.1823213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"25","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/anie.1823213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.1823213","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-7851","1521-3773"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-7851","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-3773","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1823213"}}