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This review discusses: (1) the experiments which have demonstrated the capability of blood substitutes based on perfluorinated compounds to sustain life; (2) the characteristics and preparation of the relevant perfluoro compounds and the production and handling of their emulsions; (3) their \u201cphysiology\u201d, <jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic> toxicity, life\u2010span in the blood\u2010stream, effect on the organs and their functions, and excretion properties. Obstacles remaining to be overcome in order to provide a safe blood substitute for medical practice include the availability of numerous series of well\u2010defined pure and inert perfluorinated chemicals, the production of stable emulsions, the optimization of fluid balance, and the attainment of reasonable excretion rates. 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