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However, their presence on the early Earth is strongly debated because the low availability of phosphate, which is generally assumed to have been sequestered in insoluble calcium and iron minerals, is widely viewed as a major barrier to organophosphate generation. Herein, we demonstrate that cyanide (an essential prebiotic precursor) and urea\u2010based solvents could promote nucleoside phosphorylation by transforming insoluble phosphate minerals in a \u201cwarm little pond\u201d scenario into more soluble and reactive species. Our results suggest that cyanide and its derivatives (metal cyanide complexes, urea, ammonium formate, and formamide) were key reagents for the participation of phosphorus in chemical evolution. These results allow us to propose a holistic scenario in which an evaporitic environment could concentrate abiotically formed organics and transform the underlying minerals, allowing significant organic phosphorylation under plausible prebiotic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201908272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T19:57:43Z","timestamp":1567022263000},"page":"16981-16987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A Stark Contrast to Modern Earth: Phosphate Mineral Transformation and Nucleoside Phosphorylation in an Iron\u2010 and Cyanide\u2010Rich Early Earth Scenario"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Bradley","family":"Burcar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 33000 USA"},{"name":"NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 33000 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma","family":"Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 33000 USA"},{"name":"NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 33000 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Lago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences University of South Florida, Tampa  Tampa FL 33620 USA"},{"name":"NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 33000 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mischael","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 33000 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Pasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences University of South Florida, Tampa  Tampa FL 33620 USA"},{"name":"NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 33000 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas V.","family":"Hud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 33000 USA"},{"name":"NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 33000 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 33000 USA"},{"name":"NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 33000 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1238-190X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Menor\u2010Salv\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta GA 33000 USA"},{"name":"Dep. de Biolog\u00eda de Sistemas-Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica Andr\u00e9s del R\u00edo (IQAR) Universidad de Alcal\u00e1  28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21377"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.18.8158"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"51039","author":"Parker E. 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