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However, the mechanisms behind this cooperation are poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed co\u2010cultured biofilms in various settings, and we applied untargeted mass spectrometry\u2010based metabolomics analyses, combined with synthetic validation of candidate compounds. We unexpectedly discovered that <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> can convert pyochelin into pyochelin methyl ester, an analogue of pyochelin with reduced affinity for iron (III). This conversion allows <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> to coexist more readily with <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and unveils a mechanism underlying the formation of robust dual\u2010species biofilms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202300585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T02:40:08Z","timestamp":1684723208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Chemical Modification of a Bacterial Siderophore by a Competitor in Dual\u2010Species Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-1554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaked","family":"Uzi\u2010Gavrilov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Ben Gurion University of the Negev  Be'er Sheva 84105 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