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However, their practical application remains limited because many crucial properties have yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, we have developed novel nanofibrous membranes based on hydrophilic polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or hydrophobic polycaprolactone (PCL) with embedded hydrophilic or hydrophobic zinc(II)phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) as photosensitizers and investigated their water disinfection properties. Several key characteristics were evaluated to link the activity of the material and composition\/structure. As demonstrated by reflectance UV\/Vis spectroscopy, the aggregation states of dyes within the polymer support vary significantly. We have proposed and validated the use of fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) for visualizing \u201cactive sites\u201d in the membranes. The results of this study provide useful insights for the engineering of photoactive nanomaterials with tailor\u2010made properties and highlight the crucial role of the nature of polymeric support in modulating the material\u2018s activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202414412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T11:48:35Z","timestamp":1727178515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Visualizing Active Sites in Electrospun Photoactive Membranes via Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Fabian","family":"Terlau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of chemistry University of Duisburg-Essen  Universit\u00e4tstr. 5 45141 Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of chemistry University of Duisburg-Essen  Universit\u00e4tstr. 5 45141 Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0309-1078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anzhela","family":"Galstyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of chemistry University of Duisburg-Essen  Universit\u00e4tstr. 5 45141 Essen Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg-Essen Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Center for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Universit\u00e4tstr. 5, 45 141  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01991-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","unstructured":"J. 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