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Importantly, these well\u2010defined heterogeneous catalysts offer parallels with molecular and metalloenzyme catalytic active sites. Aqueous\u2010phase ion exchange (APIE) is the most common synthesis technique to obtain these catalysts. Solid\u2010state ion exchange (SSIE) is an often overlooked technique that offers synthetic advantages compared to APIE. Thus, recent advances in solid\u2010state synthesis strategies merit contemporary contextualization. In this minireview, we describe the basic principles, methods, mechanisms, challenges, and advances in\u00a0solid\u2010state ion exchange in the context of\u00a0well\u2010defined transition metal cation\u00a0active sites located in extraframework positions of the zeolite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202505186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T17:10:48Z","timestamp":1744477848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Isolated and Paired Metal Sites in Zeolites Using Solid\u2010State Ion Exchange"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Rio G.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Biological Engineering Department Montana State University  Bozeman MT 59717 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Biological Engineering Department Montana State University  Bozeman MT 59717 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan5630"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd5803"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2211544119"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.1c03641"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c00792"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b01311"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00915"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00344"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc3183"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201503701"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.checat.2024.101130"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.2c02969"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200462473"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202112916"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202309180"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00315"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527610044.hetcat0023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2013.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","volume-title":"Zeolite Molecular Sieves \u2013 Structure, Chemistry, and Use","author":"Breck D. 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