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Herein, we report an oxygen\u2010independent afterglow mechanism driven by chlorine radicals (\n                    <jats:bold>\u00b7<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cl). Hemicyanine\u2010centered nanoparticles (Hcy@AgCl\u2010PEG) were prepared by nanoprecipitation, surface\u2010decorated with AgCl heterostructures for light\u2010activated\n                    <jats:bold>\u00b7<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cl generation, and stabilized with methoxypolyethylene glycol. Upon irradiation, AgCl produces\n                    <jats:bold>\u00b7<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cl, which adds across the dye's conjugated double bond to form metastable epoxide intermediates; subsequent epoxide decomposition releases stored chemical energy, re\u2010exciting the dye and yielding intense afterglow emission regardless of O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentration. This strategy extends to cyanine and porphyrin fluorophores, underscoring its generality. A pH\u2010responsive variant (Hcy\u2010pH@AgCl) further enables afterglow imaging of pH\u2010responsive. In vivo, Hcy@AgCl\u2010PEG achieves high\u2010contrast tumor imaging and leverages the oxidative potency of\n                    <jats:bold>\u00b7<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cl to induce pronounced photodynamic therapy via oxidative stress and DNA single\u2010electron oxidation. Together, these findings establish a new paradigm for oxygen\u2010free afterglow systems and deliver a versatile theranostic platform for imaging and treatment in dynamic, hypoxia\u2010associated pathologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202511731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T10:48:07Z","timestamp":1759574887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Chlorine Radical\u2010Driven, Oxygen\u2010Independent Afterglow Nanoplatform for Tumor Microenvironment\u2014Adaptive Imaging and Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University  Changsha Hunan 410082 P.R. 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